<div><h3 class="t-margin-top-20"> Artificial synaptic input restoring sight</h3><p class="c-project-description__text" data-se="project_description"> Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are common eye diseases, caused by the degeneration of photoreceptors, which deprives bipolar cells (BCs) of light-dependent synaptic input. Treatment today is focused mainly on delaying vision loss. However, the neuronal damage affects only the presynaptic side of the synapse, while the possibility of activation of the denervated postsynaptic side remains preserved. Therefore, the EU-funded HyVIS project aims to combine several technologies to achieve the groundbreaking restoration of synaptic light-mediated input to BCs. It will conduct an artificial reproduction of basic processes responsible for the formation of the retinal image using an optically driven hybrid connection between a nano-sized neurotransmitter-releasing device and the denervated postsynaptic cell.</p><h2>Objective</h2><p class="c-article__text">                                "Degenerative diseases of the retina, such as Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hit light-sensitive photoreceptors and leave bipolar cells (BCs) deprived of light-dependent synaptic input. Neuronal degeneration starts affecting the presynaptic side of the synapse, while the denervated postsynaptic side preserves the ability to be activated. This project targets the recovery of the lost synaptic light-mediated input to BCs by artificially reproducing two of the key mechanisms involved in retinal image formation: glutamate release and high spatial resolution. BCs will be interfaced with plasmonic nanochannels filled with smart polymers able to release glutamate in response to optical stimuli, mimicking neurotransmitter release sites on presynaptic terminals. The functionalization of the nanochannels with appropriate adhesion molecules together with single cell genetic engineering will re-create the synaptic machinery and mediate contact formation between pre- and postsynaptic partners. <br/>No other attempts to recreate lost synapses by making an optically driven hybrid connection between a nano-sized neurotransmitter releasing device and the denervated postsynaptic cell have been attempted thus far. We propose stimulating neurons with a drastically novel method that surpasses the concept of electrical stimulation and that can go beyond single cell resolution to recreate lost synaptic connections with ""hybrid nanosynapses"". Moreover, the synergic combination of the proposed technologies paves the way for the breakthrough development of retinal prosthetics able to rescue the natural cell-specific connectivity of the inner retinal neurons."                            </p></div>

Hybrid synapse for vision

Artificial synaptic input restoring sight Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are common eye diseases, caused by the degeneration of photoreceptors, which deprives bipolar cells BCs of light-dependent synaptic input. Treatment today is focused mainly on delaying vision loss. However, the neuronal damage affects only the presynaptic side of the synapse, while the possibility of activation of the denervated postsynaptic side remains preserved. Therefore, the EU-funded HyVIS project aims to combine several technologies to achieve the groundbreaking restoration of synaptic light-mediated input to BCs. It will conduct an artificial reproduction of basic processes responsible for the formation of the retinal image using an optically driven hybrid connection between a nano-sized neurotransmitter-releasing device and the denervated postsynaptic cell.Objective Degenerative diseases of the retina, such as Retinitis pigmentosa RP and age-related macular degeneration AMD, hit light-sensitive photoreceptors and leave bipolar cells BCs deprived of light-dependent synaptic input. Neuronal degeneration starts affecting the presynaptic side of the synapse, while the denervated postsynaptic side preserves the ability to be activated. This project targets the recovery of the lost synaptic light-mediated input to BCs by artificially reproducing two of the key mechanisms involved in retinal image formation: glutamate release and high spatial resolution. BCs will be interfaced with plasmonic nanochannels filled with smart polymers able to release glutamate in response to optical stimuli, mimicking neurotransmitter release sites on presynaptic terminals. The functionalization of the nanochannels with appropriate adhesion molecules together with single cell genetic engineering will re-create the synaptic machinery and mediate contact formation between pre- and postsynaptic partners. No other attempts to recreate lost synapses by making an optically driven hybrid connection between a nano-sized neurotransmitter releasing device and the denervated postsynaptic cell have been attempted thus far. We propose stimulating neurons with a drastically novel method that surpasses the concept of electrical stimulation and that can go beyond single cell resolution to recreate lost synaptic connections with hybrid nanosynapses. Moreover, the synergic combination of the proposed technologies paves the way for the breakthrough development of retinal prosthetics able to rescue the natural cell-specific connectivity of the inner retinal neurons.

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