Description The proposed Imphal Ring Road Project will improve quality of life in Imphal by helping to decongest the city and promoting the use of e-vehicles. Access to markets, economic opportunities, as well as administrative, health and educational services will be enhanced. It will stimulate economic activities and directly create jobs. By improving road infrastructure and transport services focusing on safety elements and universal features for pedestrians and vulnerable users, the project benefits will be inclusive. Provision will be made for use of e-vehicles as last mile connectivity to support implementation of low carbon-emission pathways and the proposed project will align with the Paris Agreement requirements.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Imphal, the capital of Manipur, is the most populous city in the landlocked northeastern state and is experiencing rapid population growth. Several national highways connecting to other major cities of the north-eastern states along with trans-Asian routes pass through the city. Thus, Imphal also forms a key node in the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) transport corridors. The proposed IRR project primarily serves as a strategic road connection providing an enhanced route for intra-state and regional traffic to: Access the state's administrative, judicial, medical, and educational institutes surrounding the Imphal city center; Facilitate inter-state and regional connectivity.Impact Vibrant, carbon-neutral, and economically, socially, and ecologically sustainable state of Manipur achieved.Outcome Transport efficiency, urban mobility and sustainability in Imphal improved.

Descrizione del ProgettoIl progetto supporterà lo sviluppo di un turismo sostenibile, resiliente e inclusivo basato sull'oceano a Coron e El Nido nella provincia di Palawan, attraverso: miglioramenti nelle infrastrutture urbane necessarie per ridurre l'inquinamento e migliorare la salute degli oceani, e per espandere l'accesso ai servizi urbani di base; protezione degli ecosistemi marini in siti turistici chiave riducendo le pressioni turistiche e promuovendo mezzi di sussistenza alternativi per affrontare l'eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse marine; supporto per il recupero delle micro, piccole e medie imprese (MSME) turistiche attraverso il supporto all'aggiornamento della produttività e la formazione delle competenze per i lavoratori del settore turistico, con un focus sulle tecnologie digitali.Ogni output del progetto include misure specifiche per il miglioramento dell'inclusione di genere e sociale.Ragione del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleIn fase di definizione.ImpattoIl turismo nelle destinazioni partecipanti è più sostenibile, inclusivo, competitivo e resiliente.

La proposta del Second Improving Governance and Public Sector Efficiency Program (IGPSEP II) mira a supportare la transizione dell'Azerbaigian verso un'economia di mercato più stabile, inclusiva, sostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale e diversificata attraverso: il rafforzamento della gestione fiscale, il miglioramento della governance e delle operazioni delle imprese statali (SOEs), l'approfondimento della partecipazione del settore privato e delle iniziative per l'economia verde.Il programma è allineato con la strategia di partenariato del paese per l'Azerbaigian, 2019-2023, della Asian Development Bank (ADB) e le priorità operative della Strategia 2030 dell'ADB, che includono: affrontare la povertà residua e ridurre le disuguaglianze; accelerare i progressi nell'uguaglianza di genere; affrontare il cambiamento climatico, costruire resilienza ai cambiamenti climatici e ai disastri, e migliorare la sostenibilità ambientale; rafforzare la governance e la capacità istituzionale.Il programma è progettato secondo una modalità di prestito basata su politiche, con due subprogrammi. L'approccio programmatico è stato scelto come modalità appropriata per sequenziare logicamente le riforme strutturali all'interno di un quadro pluriennale, coinvolgendo diverse agenzie, poiché offre flessibilità per cambiamenti dinamici nell'ambiente politico e macroeconomico. Mentre il subprogramma 1 si concentra sul miglioramento del quadro legale, normativo e istituzionale, il subprogramma 2 supporta misure per: una gestione fiscale e del debito efficace e trasparente, una gestione professionale e un miglioramento delle performance delle SOEs, la promozione dello sviluppo del settore privato e l'accesso al finanziamento, la formulazione di politiche sensibili al clima e le attività economiche verdi.I subprogrammi miglioreranno l'efficienza allocativa delle risorse pubbliche e private.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleIl proposto IGPSEP II approfondisce le riforme sotto l'IGPSEP relative alla pianificazione fiscale basata su regole, al rafforzamento della ristrutturazione delle SOE e alla partecipazione del settore privato, e al miglioramento dell'accesso al finanziamento e dell'ambiente imprenditoriale. Il suo design incorpora lezioni apprese dalle riforme delle SOE dell'ADB sotto il programma precedente e altri prestiti basati su politiche, che enfatizzano: il miglioramento dell'efficacia dei meccanismi antimonopolio e la creazione di un ambiente imprenditoriale favorevole, il rafforzamento della gestione professionale e della supervisione delle performance delle SOE, il miglioramento della trasparenza delle finanze delle SOE.Le principali aggiunte di valore includono politiche di gestione fiscale e del debito basate su regole, bilanciamento sensibile al genere, bilanciamento climatico, applicazioni IT nella gestione finanziaria pubblica e miglioramento della mobilitazione delle risorse interne e della conformità fiscale in linea con gli standard internazionali. Il programma introduce riforme innovative come il piano di mobilità elettrica, il finanziamento verde e i piani nazionali di adattamento per un'economia verde. Il programma rafforza il quadro competitivo e la governance delle SOE sotto l'AIH attraverso KPI, la trasparenza delle finanze delle SOE e il loro impatto fiscale, la gestione professionale e i sistemi di controllo.Sotto l'approccio One ADB, il programma collaborerà con: l'Ufficio delle Partnership Pubblico-Private dell'ADB sul quadro PPP, il Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e il Cambiamento Climatico dell'ADB sulle iniziative per l'economia verde, le divisioni dei trasporti e dell'energia dell'ADB sul piano di mobilità elettrica.L'IGPSEP II approfondisce i risultati ottenuti sotto il programma precedente sull'accesso al finanziamento per le PMI, con un focus aggiuntivo sul Fondo di Investimento per le PMI e l'inclusione finanziaria sensibile al genere e lo sviluppo regionale. Completa il supporto continuo dell'ADB per la connettività regionale, le PPP, le energie rinnovabili, l'inclusione finanziaria rurale e l'istruzione tecnica e professionale. L'ADB TA ha contribuito alla progettazione e all'implementazione delle riforme governative sulla gestione finanziaria pubblica, le SOE e le PMI e ha costruito capacità per la loro sostenibilità. Il programma è stato coordinato efficacemente con i partner di sviluppo, inclusi i dialoghi politici con il FMI, e completa le loro attività.

Project DescriptionThe project is to develop a new inland container depot (ICD) in the north of Dhaka near Gazipur with a rail link of 7.2 km in length, replacing the existing Kamlapur ICD. Dhirasram Inland Container Depot (DICD) will be the largest ICD and the first ICD with a public-private partnership component in Bangladesh. DICD will be operated and maintained by a private concessionaire. An institutional framework will be set up by the government where the Ministry of Railway and Bangladesh Railway will regulate and monitor DICD operation.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyKamlapur ICD is the only ICD in Dhaka, having a direct rail link with Chattogram Port. It is already operating at or beyond its maximum capacity. Being located in the city center where truck operation is not allowed during daytime under domestic regulations (i.e., truck ban), the operation of Kamlapur ICD is constrained and suffering from congestion inside as well as road congestion outside. Construction of a new ICD out of the city center and close to the origin and destination of cargos with multimodal connectivity has been one of the top priority projects.Impact Trade logistics improved. Export diversification advanced.OutcomeCapacity of container transportation by rail in Bangladesh increased.

DescriptionThe proposed program is a large-scale transformative and integrated initiative addressing the constraints. It aims to bridge the financing, capacity, institutional, and technical gaps in implementing the NAP and adaptation measures mentioned in the NDC and GRID while promoting mitigation, biodiversity, air pollution, and food security as co-benefits.The program will offer a blended pool of accessible financing (including grants, concessional loans, and credit guarantees) through a multitranche financing facility (MFF) with a Financial Intermediation Loan (FIL) component to deliver predictable long-term finance and knowledge solutions to governments, civil society, and the private sector to implement adaptation solutions while achieving other co-benefits. It will: Promote innovation and practices for upscaling, replication, and integration, allowing a broad paradigm shift to achieve NAP, NDC, and GRID objectives; Channel climate finance with large amounts of grants and leverage international and in-country financing resources toward adaptation within one coherent results and monitoring framework; Design and deliver integrated multi-investment resilience packages that fully capture cross-sectoral linkages and upstream-downstream causal effects of climate change; Support building the country's capacity to directly access climate finance; create innovative instruments, such as climate bonds; and mobilize financing for climate actions.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyNepal is one of the countries most affected by climate change, ranking 10th from 2000 to 2019 in terms of vulnerability to extreme weather events. The country is highly exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards because of its mountainous topography, young geology, and abrupt ecological and climatic transitions. This is aggravated by low levels of development, reliance on natural resource-based livelihoods, and high multidimensional poverty.Average temperature increases and changes in precipitation patterns, combined with increased frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and intense precipitations: Aggravate chronic changes such as snow cover, soil erosion, permafrost melting, river flow regime, and hydrologic patterns in high-mountain watersheds, water availability and quality, and glacier retreat and melting; Increase the frequency and severity of acute climate hazards such as floods, landslides, avalanches, forest fires, and glacial lake outburst floods.These are projected to intensify over the 21st century, potentially affecting and putting the entire Nepalese population, economy, and society at risk. Approximately 80% of its population is at risk from natural and climate-induced hazards, including extreme heat stress, flooding, and air pollution. The projected macroeconomic effect of climate change from the main climate threats on Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to reach between 3% to 7% yearly reduction depending on the climate change scenario by 2050.There are immense needs to ensure that basic infrastructure and livelihoods are resilient to climate change. Initiatives that enable adaptation and resilience for the private sector and communities should support the country's transformation. Nepal also seeks support to address losses and damages from climate change caused by the rise in global greenhouse gas emissions. The needs and risks are identified under Nepal's National Adaptation Plan (NAP), Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the Green Resilient Inclusive Development (GRID) platform, and several related ongoing initiatives from the governments, development partners, civil society, and the private sector.To fully address these needs, the NAP estimates that $47.4 billion will be needed until 2050 - about $1.75 billion annually. Out of this amount, Nepal can contribute a total of $1.5 billion by mobilizing internal resources and the remaining $45.9 billion will need external resources. Considerable challenges lay ahead for Nepal to mobilize and efficiently channel adequate development and climate finance to address the financing gap for adaptation and resilience.ImpactThe anticipated impact of the program is to contribute to the socioeconomic prosperity of Nepal by building a climate-resilient society and reducing the risk of climate change impacts on people and ecosystems through the integration of adaptation across sectors and levels of government.OutcomeNepal's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change is reduced by building adaptive capacity and resilience (UNFCCC, 2012, decision 5/CP.17, paragraph 1).

Project Description The project will support an expansion of Indonesia's geothermal generating capacity to contribute to the sustainability, resiliency, and sufficiency of the electricity system. The project will support PT Geo Dipa Energi (GDE), a state-owned geothermal company, to commission an additional 110 megawatts (MW) of geothermal electricity generating capacity at the Dieng geothermal field in Central Java. It will also improve the financial and institutional capacity of GDE to develop additional resources with the private sector and support the commissioning of a direct use pilot with geothermal energy for food security and poverty reduction.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Indonesia is a fast-growing economy, expected to become the 4th largest in the world by 2050. To meet the growing energy demand, the government has set ambitious sustainability targets and pledged to meet net zero emissions by 2060 or earlier. To achieve this pledge and meet the country's enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the country commits to: An unconditional target of reducing emissions by 29% to 32% below the business-as-usual scenario (BAU). A conditional target of 41% to 43% below BAU. The government has announced in the Electricity Power Supply Business Plan, 2024-2033 (RUPTL) of the State Electricity Corporation (PLN), that an additional 30 gigawatts (GW) out of 44 GW will come from renewable energy technologies, with geothermal power contributing 6 GW. As of December 2023, Indonesia's total geothermal power generation capacity was 2.4 GW, and achieving a target of 8.4 GW of installed capacity by 2033 will require the coordinated efforts from all stakeholders in the geothermal sector.Impact Contribution to geothermal energy in Indonesia's power supply increased. Renewable energy in the electricity subsector increased.Outcome Increasing adequacy and sustainability of energy supply.

Description The Developing Resilient Environments and Advancing Municipal Services in Punjab Phase 2 Project (DREAMS 2) will support inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban infrastructure and services in the intermediate cities of Punjab Province. Water supply and sanitation infrastructure and services of these cities will be expanded and modernized. The project will focus on strengthening the institutional and capacity development of the municipal corporations of these cities to improve service delivery standards, accountability, and operational efficiency to ensure financial and operational sustainability. The project is aligned with the following impacts: urban environment, health, and living conditions improved; natural ecosystems protected; and climate change impacts mitigated. The project will have the following outcome: sustainable, inclusive, resilient, and low-carbon municipal services in the intermediate cities of Punjab achieved.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The proposed Developing Resilient Environments and Advancing Municipal Services in Punjab Phase 2 Project is poised to fortify climate resilience by increasing the water and sewerage operational capacity to reduce the public health risks and environmental impact for those in and downstream of the two intermediate cities in Punjab. In Dera Ghazi Khan, this entails investment in wastewater treatment capacity complemented by the conversion of the pressurized wastewater network into a low operational cost gravity system. In Sargodha, this entails investment in wastewater treatment capacity complemented by a transition to surface water sources through the expansion of water treatment facilities.Impact Urban environment and living conditions improved Natural ecosystems protected Climate change impacts mitigated Gender equality fosteredOutcome Sustainable, inclusive, resilient, gender-responsive, and low-carbon municipal services in the cities of Sargodha and Dera Ghazi Khan achieved.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked developing member country (DMC) with abundant gas and oil deposits. Most of the country is desert, with the population concentrated in a few urban areas.Despite the country's reliance upon hydrocarbons, the government recognizes the importance of climate action and is exploring renewable energy sources, including solar. This shift could open up new export markets for the country, such as through Green Energy corridors to transport renewable energy from Central Asia to Europe, which would support regional and cross-border cooperation.Arkadag Smart City ProjectThe Arkadag Smart City Project is an innovative initiative by the Government of Turkmenistan to advance sustainable development through an environmentally friendly, digitally advanced, resource-conscious, and socially inclusive urban ecosystem. The key objectives of the city are: Environmental Sustainability Inclusive Growth Technological Advancement Economic Diversification Community Participation Resilience and Disaster Management Data Privacy and SecurityThe proposed Technical Assistance (TA) will promote the use of advanced technologies and support pioneering integrated renewable energy solutions for Turkmenistan. Specifically, the TA will support the development of a roadmap for the generation and use of solar energy in the country, including for urban purposes, such as in Arkadag City. The TA will support assessments and feasibility studies that could support the development of projects focused on integrated renewable energy solutions, including solar and distributed solar PV across Turkmenistan. The TA will also support a demonstrational pilot project for the first-of-its-kind urban solar power generation and use in Arkadag City. Furthermore, the TA will strengthen the local capacity of government officials, the private sector, and communities on renewable energy and solar power.The proposed TA will complement ADB's existing grid strengthening investments in Turkmenistan's energy sector while setting the foundations for future engagement in renewable energy generation, including in urban settings. The majority of the technology promoted under the TA would be new for the country.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyTurkmenistan is highly dependent upon hydrocarbons and has an undiversified export basket dominated by a single product: natural gas. In 2021, hydrocarbons comprised about 85% of total exports. The country has one of the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the region because of its high reliance on fossil fuels. Total GHG emissions were estimated at 157 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019.Despite the country's reliance upon hydrocarbons, the government recognizes the importance of climate action. Turkmenistan's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitment to mitigation focuses on improving energy efficiency and conservation, promoting the sustainable use of hydrocarbons, and increasing alternative energy sources. In the country's transition to alternative energy sources, Turkmenistan recently completed a 10MW (solar 7MW, and wind 3MW) power plant last January, of which 7MW of solar power has been connected to the grid. Solar is thus a new technology for the country despite its desert features and high potential for generation and offers significant export opportunities with new initiatives in energy generation and transmission from Central Asia to Europe.Under the recently approved Turkmenistan Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) (2024-2028), ADB will support Turkmenistan in its efforts to become a more sustainable, climate-resilient, and competitive economy. Urban development is identified as a key potential area for engagement under the CPS, with support planned for sustainable cities that incorporate innovations, new technologies, and international best practices.Arkadag City is a new 'smart' and 'green' city in southern Turkmenistan that will fully incorporate modern advanced technologies and digital solutions. Environmental Sustainability is the first objective of Arkadag City. The Government of Turkmenistan has sought ADB's help in advancing this objective and is interested in a small-scale solar demonstration, which can then be scaled up including for Ashgabat city. For the demonstration, more than 4 GWh of renewable energy is targeted to be produced annually, resulting in a reduction of more than 3,000 tons of GHG emissions each year.Complementing the proposed assessment, feasibility studies, and demonstration, the Technical Assistance would also be engaged for capacity building for government officials, local contractors, and the local community. The proposed support would set the foundation for ADB's future engagement in renewable energy across the country, significantly contributing to decarbonization efforts. It will complement the ongoing TA in Turkmenistan, 'Improving Energy Efficiency and Capacity,' under which a low-carbon transition roadmap is under development, integrating renewable energy in Turkmenistan's broader transition to cleaner energy sources.This TA aligns with Turkmenistan's strategic goals as outlined in the Government's two national development strategies: the Program for the Revival of a New Era of a Powerful State: The National Program for the Socio-Economic Development of Turkmenistan in 2022-2052 (Programme-2052) and the Programme of the President of Turkmenistan for the socio-economic development of the country in 2022-2028 (Programme-2028).The feasibility studies and assessments conducted under the TA will act as a foundation for nationwide adoption of low-emission technologies in both urban and rural contexts. The TA will further serve as a critical pilot for demonstrating climate-resilient urban infrastructure, reducing emissions in line with Turkmenistan's NDC goals.ImpactTurkmenistan's climate goals achieved.OutcomeReduction in emissions and increased technical readiness of the country to achieve additional renewable power generation.

Description The phase 2 of the Extension of Power Distribution System Network in Three Hilly Districts project will attend eradication of remaining poverty (OP1) by increasing access to electricity and creating energy-based livelihood opportunities; contribute to Rural Development and Food Security (OP5) by enabling SECs leverage from improved agricultural value chain and market access; enhance climate resilience for the people through climate-proofing of the electricity distribution infrastructure (OP3); address inequality (OP2) through creating livelihood opportunities for marginal women; and improve capacity development of BPDB (OP6) in the remote hilly areas.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The Chattogram Hill Tracts (CHT) is a geographically and ethno-culturally distinct region in the Chattogram Division of Bangladesh. Located in the southeast of the country with 13,295 square kilometers of land, it comprises three extensively hilly districts- Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachori, and constitutes approximately 9% of the country's land area. The CHT borders Myanmar to the south, and the Indian states of Tripura to the north and Mizoram to the east. More than 50% of its 1.84 million inhabitants constituting 429,163 households are made up of ethnic population from 11 distinct ethnic groups, each with its unique language, culture, and heritage. However, these are also the poorest population of Bangladesh. The Bandarban and Khagrachari exhibit poverty levels of 53%-63%, which is more than twice the national average, making CHT one of the poorest regions of Bangladesh. According to the Poverty and Social Assessment (PSA) prepared for the Climate-Resilient Livelihood Improvement and Watershed Management.Impact Uninterrupted and reliable power supply for rural areas of Bangladesh achieved.Outcome Quality, reliability, and resilience of electrical power supply in Chattogram Hill Tracts improved.

Proposed Sustainable Urban E-Mobility Project The proposed Sustainable Urban E-Mobility Project aims to modernize public transportation in Nepal's Kathmandu and Pokhara Valleys by introducing electric buses, enhancing traffic management through intelligent transport systems (ITS), and implementing forward-thinking policies and regulations. In Kathmandu Valley, the proposed project focuses on deploying new electric bus fleets and modernizing traffic infrastructure with ITS. In Pokhara Valley, it goes further to integrate comprehensive mobility solutions that improve public transit infrastructure, promote green and livable city concepts, and bolster the city's tourism potential. This proposed project will not only facilitate a seamless transition to electric public transport but also foster institutional capacity and green transportation skills, positioning both valleys at the forefront of sustainable urban mobility.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Nepal's rapidly growing urban centers are crucial for economic growth and social transformation. The urban population now makes up 66% of the country's total population of 29 million, with Kathmandu Valley housing 3.1 million people, contributing over 31% of national gross domestic product (GDP). Pokhara, with 0.6 million residents, is the second-largest urban area. Rapid urbanization has increased travel demand. However, inadequate public transport, unplanned urban development, aging bus fleet, limited regulatory enforcement, weak governance, and low institutional capacity have led to a 26% rise in private vehicle use and a 40% decline in public transport, thereby increasing pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, public transport is mostly run by small-scale private operators under a fragmented 'route license' system, which are plagued by overcrowding, delays, unpredictability, and safety concerns. Limited financial capacity of private operators has led public transport to use fossil-fuel based fleet that has high intensity of GHG emissions and air pollution.Impactn/aOutcomeImproved quality of life and eco-friendly mode of urban transportation system implemented.

Il progetto proposto adotterà un approccio a lungo termine e strategico per fornire soluzioni adattative ai cambiamenti climatici per la gestione delle risorse idriche nei bacini del fiume Amu Darya in Uzbekistan. Gli impatti previsti dei cambiamenti climatici includono l'aumento delle temperature, l'aumento della frequenza e della gravità di eventi estremi come inondazioni e siccità, e una riduzione della disponibilità d'acqua e un aumento della variabilità dei flussi d'acqua nei principali bacini fluviali. La diminuzione della disponibilità e l'aumento delle esigenze idriche da parte dei diversi settori stanno portando a un crescente divario stagionale e assoluto tra domanda e offerta. L'impatto sull'acqua contribuirà all'instabilità della produzione agricola.Il progetto proposto intende affrontare queste sfide legate ai cambiamenti climatici creando serbatoi per ridurre i rischi di siccità e inondazioni, migliorare l'irrigazione, migliorare le pratiche agricole e migliorare la gestione del serbatoio e dei relativi componenti del progetto. Il progetto proposto è considerato un progetto di adattamento di Tipo IIb, che può essere conteggiato integralmente come finanziamento per l'adattamento climatico.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleL'Uzbekistan ha la popolazione più grande, con 36,7 milioni di abitanti, tra i paesi del bacino del Mar d'Aral. Nel 2017, circa l'11% della popolazione uzbeka viveva al di sotto della soglia di povertà nazionale. L'agricoltura è un settore economico chiave in Uzbekistan, impiegando 3,5 milioni di persone, il 27% della forza lavoro totale e rappresentando il 28% del prodotto interno lordo. La crescita dell'agricoltura è moderata, passando dal 4,0% nel 2021 al 3,6% nel 2022, riflettendo una decelerazione nella produzione di colture, in particolare cotone e grano. La popolazione rurale rappresenta quasi il 50% della popolazione totale uzbeka e il 75% della popolazione a basso reddito. Circa 4,3 milioni di ettari di terra sono irrigati e 700.000 ettari sono idonei per la produzione a pioggia. Tuttavia, il sistema di irrigazione è obsoleto, risultando in una bassa efficienza nell'uso dell'acqua, salinità del suolo, erosione e bassa produttività complessiva.Rischi dei Cambiamenti Climatici e Disastri NaturaliI fiumi Amu Darya e Syr Darya derivano dallo scioglimento della neve e dei ghiacciai nelle catene montuose del Tien Shen e del Pamir. Gli impatti previsti dei cambiamenti climatici includono l'aumento delle temperature, l'aumento della frequenza e della gravità di eventi estremi come inondazioni e siccità, e una riduzione della disponibilità d'acqua e un aumento della variabilità dei flussi d'acqua nei principali bacini fluviali. La diminuzione della disponibilità e l'aumento delle esigenze idriche da parte dei diversi settori stanno portando a un crescente divario stagionale e assoluto tra domanda e offerta. L'impatto sull'acqua contribuirà all'instabilità della produzione agricola.Risorse Idriche LimitateLa disponibilità d'acqua è già stata influenzata dai cambiamenti climatici, che hanno causato il ritiro dei ghiacciai e uno spostamento nei flussi di picco. Si stima che entro il 2050, le risorse idriche del bacino del Syr Darya diminuiranno del 5% e quelle del bacino dell'Amu Darya fino al 15%. Le risorse idriche transfrontaliere rappresentano anche una sfida predominante per l'Uzbekistan. Dei 123 chilometri cubi totali di risorse idriche del bacino del Mar d'Aral, solo il 9% proviene dall'Uzbekistan, evidenziando la sua dipendenza dalle risorse idriche transfrontaliere. Il paese fa affidamento sui fiumi Amu Darya e Syr Darya, che derivano da paesi ripariani a monte (Afghanistan, Repubblica del Kirghizistan e Tajikistan) per l'approvvigionamento idrico. Poiché questi paesi continuano a sviluppare risorse idriche per l'idroelettrico, una migliore gestione delle risorse idriche diventa sempre più rilevante.Questioni di GenereLe donne svolgono un ruolo importante nell'agricoltura e rappresentano il 41,3% delle persone impiegate nel settore alla fine del 2022; tuttavia, i loro contributi sono spesso limitati a lavori informali e stagionali a causa della limitata accesso a risorse e opportunità di sviluppo delle competenze. Inoltre, le donne nell'agricoltura tendono a essere concentrate in lavori stagionali, informali e non manageriali. I cambiamenti climatici pongono minacce significative alla produttività agricola dell'Uzbekistan e al benessere pubblico, e le donne saranno colpite. Il progetto ha il potenziale per sostenere lo sviluppo economico e migliorare i mezzi di sussistenza delle donne nell'area del progetto, inclusi i gruppi più vulnerabili inclusi nei Quaderni delle Donne. Il componente di rafforzamento istituzionale del progetto potrebbe considerare di fornire opportunità di tirocinio per studentesse universitarie delle agro-università.Priorità del Governo e Allineamento StrategicoIl progetto sarà strategicamente allineato con le riforme governative in corso nel settore idrico, miranti a migliorare l'efficienza e la produttività idrica e a sostenere l'adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Gli investimenti per l'adattamento climatico previsti dal progetto si baseranno sulla valutazione dei rischi climatici a monte e sull'approccio delle vie di adattamento.ImpattoMiglioramento delle risorse idriche, della sicurezza alimentare e della resilienza ai cambiamenti climatici.RisultatoRafforzamento della resilienza delle risorse idriche, miglioramento della produzione agricola e riduzione del rischio di disastri nei subbacini dell'Amu Darya.

Geothermal Resource De-Risking Facility (GRDF)GRDF aims to reactivate greenfield investment in geothermal, which has been stranded since 2001, by mitigating investment risk at the pre-development stage through sharing resource exploration cost and risk with private developers. ADB extended technical assistance (TA) to assess investment constraints in the entire geothermal development chain and to prepare GRDF concept design in consultation with DOE and the National Geothermal Association of the Philippines (NGAP).GRDF Design PrincipleGRDF manages operation by mitigating technical and financial risks in geothermal resource exploration, while eliminating moral hazard and adverse selection, for financial and operational sustainability. GRDF adopts a stringent two-stage selection process to select technically and financially capable GSC holders. Selected GSC holders will be required to submit the drilling plan for resource exploration for GRDF review and approval.GRDF provides sub-loan to cover 50% of the total cost of exploration drilling while the selected GSC holders are required to contribute to the remaining 50%. To avoid piling up the credit loss due to huge uncertainties in resource exploration, GRDF sets the benchmark to maintain resource confirmation success rate at 75% or above. Additional new sub-loan approval will be suspended in case the actual success rate falls below the benchmark, allowing GRDF to review the adequacy of the selection and internal appraisal process for enhanced risk control.GRDF Funding SupportGRDF is established in the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM). It comprises two main components: The resource risk mitigation window which supplies a convertible loan to the selected GSC holder that covers 50% of total exploration drilling cost for geothermal resource confirmation. The refinancing window which allows longer-term repayment while enabling a fund revolving in the resource risk mitigation window to support wider geothermal investments to accelerate resource exploration.Upon successful resource confirmation, the selected GSC holder will have the following repayment options to choose from: Bullet payment Refinancing Equity conversion with put optionIf exploration is unsuccessful and no geothermal resource is confirmed for the development stage, the loan is converted to grant.Two-Batch ApproachGRDF will target to support up to 16 geothermal projects with 431 MW of assumed total generation capacity, which requires $431 million of total cost for exploration drilling. Due to the different levels of uncertainties among the targeted projects, GRDF will extend convertible loans up to 10 lower-risk projects with $131 million of cost-sharing finance as the initial batch. Given that the initial batch successfully controls success rate in resource confirmation at 75% or above, GRDF will utilize the repaid loan proceeds in the initial batch to proceed to the second batch which will support 6 projects with $84 million of cost-sharing finance.Implementation Arrangement and Financing PlanThe proposed project is estimated to cost $250 million which will be funded by $60 million from ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance (ACGF) concessional funds and $190 million from ADB's ordinary capital resources. To reduce weighted average cost of capital for favorable loan pricing to the private developers and wider credit risk absorption, additional concessional financing including grant is being sought. The project executing agency will be DOE and the project implementing agency will be PSALM.ADB Value AdditionThe proposed project entails transformational impact to reactivate greenfield geothermal investment while mobilizing the private risk capital to develop non-variable indigenous clean energy sources in the Philippines. It is also the first-of-its-kind in both ADB and the Philippines. ADB has been involved in designing GRDF in collaboration with DOE, while incorporating lessons learned from similar geothermal derisking supports in Indonesia, the United States, Japan, and other countries. GRDF design including cost-sharing limit and repayment options have been extensively discussed with NGAP and ADB's Private Sector Operations Department to adequately stimulate the private sector's interest in proceeding with resource exploration.Upon successful completion of the project, GRDF will catalyze up to $2.6 billion of downstream geothermal investment by de-risking 431 MW of greenfield geothermal power, thereby saving: 1.7 million tons of annual tCO2e $329 million of annual natural gas importProject Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyCarbonizing Power SectorGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been driven by an increasing demand for electricity, which has been met by an increasingly carbonized grid over the last decade. Despite steady increases in renewable energy capacity, power generation still depends heavily on coal. Installed capacity of coal-fired power increased by 123.1% between 2013 and 2022, resulting in an increase in carbon intensity of electricity from 0.53 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) for every megawatt (MW) per hour in 2013 to 0.68 tCO2e/MWh in 2022.Weak Renewable Energy GrowthIn 2012, the government launched Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) which provided 1.5 gigawatt (GW) of quota to support earlier deployment of renewable energy including onshore wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass and biogas, and run-of-the-river hydropower. The renewable energy quota under FiT was fully subscribed by the end of 2019. Following FiT, the government launched Green Energy Auction Program (GEAP) in 2022 and 2023, which has already subscribed 5.6 GW of renewable energy being connected to the transmission grid in 2024-2027. Despite the positive outlook in renewable energy capacity addition under GEAP, renewable energy contribution in total generation has declined from 26.4% in 2013 to 22.1% in 2022.Stranded Green-field Investment in GeothermalDespite the declining trend of renewable energy's contribution to the generation mix, renewable energy penetration remains relatively high compared to other developing member countries due to significant contribution of geothermal energy which accounts for 42% of total renewable power generation in 2022. The Philippines has 1.95 GW of geothermal installed capacity which is the third largest in the world. The country is also considered to have significant geothermal potential due to its location on the Pacific tectonic belt. However, greenfield geothermal development has stalled since 2001. Commercial-scale geothermal development in the Philippines began in 1979, and government support in exploring geothermal resources had substantially helped increase generation capacity to 1.85 GW in 2001. However, only 0.1 GW of capacity has been added since 2001 because of a vanished public support in resource exploration, upon enactment of the Energy Power Industry Reform Act 2001 (EPIRA) which aims to privatize the entire power supply development chain.Challenges in Geothermal DevelopmentIn the privatized regime under the EPIRA, the private developer needs to carry out geothermal resource exploration at its own risk, through the geothermal service contract (GSC) in which the government grants the developer an exclusive development right in a specific site. By 2023, 29 GSCs equivalent to 985 MW of total potential capacity have been issued. However, no GSC holder has proceeded to testing and confirmation drilling stage which is required to prepare a bankable feasibility study. This is due to the high cost of drilling with huge uncertainty in resource availability, limited financial capacity of the GSC holders, and no available debt financing. In addition, an absence of FiT and GEAP for geothermal power is another impediment for the GSC holders to proceed to further development because power uploading price in the spot market or through a bilateral contract is likely to be below full cost recovery level.Ongoing Regulatory ImprovementsSupporting regulatory framework for geothermal power is being strengthened to accelerate development. In December 2023, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued a draft omnibus guideline for the renewable energy service contract including geothermal. These guidelines aim to select private developers with sufficient technical and financial capacity by setting stringent qualification criteria for issuing GSC that grant exclusive development rights. In February 2024, DOE also announced to carry out GEAP round 3 for non-variable renewable energy including geothermal. This round does not involve a reserve price which allows private developers to offer cost-reflective bids. The investment risk mitigation mechanism for resource exploration remains to be in place. Policy actions of Subprogram 3 (2024-2026) in ADB-financed Climate Change Action Program will support implementing GEAP for geothermal and establishing the facility to de-risk geothermal exploration.ImpactAn increase in renewable energy share in the total generation mix to 35% by 2030 and 50% by 2040 (The Philippine Energy Plan 2030-2050).OutcomeGeothermal power capacity increased.

Project DescriptionThe project will support the development of the Khushig Valley area as a green, resilient, efficient, and inclusive satellite city around the New Ulaanbaatar International Airport. The proposed satellite city aims to attract residents, public services, and economic activities currently overconcentrated in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia.ImpactLivable, environmentally friendly, and people-centered city built in a regionally integrated transport corridor.OutcomeClimate-smart, inclusive, resilient, and regionally connected satellite city developed.

Project Description The project will upgrade the 41 km existing track from Chattogram to Dohazari and build a new bypass line of 2.5 km. The new bypass will allow direct operation from Dhaka to Cox's Bazar without stopping at the Chattogram station. The upgrade will include heightening the elevation of the rail track, strengthening the drainage system, computerizing the blocking signaling system, and dual-gauging of the track. This will enable a more resilient, reliable, and efficient rail operation. In addition, 30 locomotives will also be procured.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting the Bangladesh Railway (BR) to strengthen its railway network and locomotives. ADB is currently financing projects with dual-gauge tracks, including: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Railway Connectivity: Akhaura-Laksam Double Track Project SASEC Chittagong-Cox's Bazar Railway Project The Chittagong-Cox's Bazar Railway Project consists of the construction of a new 102 km single track dual-gauge track from Dohazari to Cox's Bazar and rehabilitation of the existing 47 km track from Chattogram (formerly Chittagong) to Dohazari. The existing track from Chattogram to Dohazari has deteriorated, resulting in operational speed restrictions of 20 km/h, 30 km/h, and 50 km/h per sub-section, while the design speed is 100 km/h. The rehabilitation and upgrade of the section is urgently required to maximize the benefit of the newly built Dohazari-Cox's Bazar section. Under the Chittagong-Cox's Bazar Railway project, ADB is financing the 102 km of new construction section, and the government was supposed to finance the rehabilitation of the 47 km section. However, due to BR's decision to upgrade instead of rehabilitating the section at the same level with the Dohazari-Cox's Bazar and the stringent budget restrictions of the government, the Government of Bangladesh requested the upgrade of the section together with an additional 5 km upgrade of the Parhatali to Chattogram section and 2.5 km of new construction of a bypass line between Parhatali to Jhautala stations to ADB and the Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM). This includes the upgrade of 41 km following the existing alignment and 2.5 km of new construction to ADB and 11 km construction of new alignment including a bridge crossing the Kaunapli river to KEXIM.Impact A strategic railway modernization and upgrading process would be institutionalized.Outcome Railway transport system in the Chattogram-Cox's Bazar corridor improved.

Description The Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings Results-Based Lending (EEPB-RBL) will support the Government of the Philippines in implementing the Government Energy Management Programme (GEMP) which requires all government buildings to reduce their monthly energy consumption by at least 10%. This requirement is being enforced under the Philippines Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act. The EEPB-RBL aims to deliver approximately 20-30% energy savings in existing public buildings through the procurement and installation of energy efficient lighting, high efficiency air conditioning, distributed solar photovoltaic modules, smart metering and/or electric vehicle charging stations. The project will focus particularly on existing education and health related buildings. The total project cost is $500 million implemented over a period of five years. The first phase will cover about 100 buildings from 2026-2028 and the second phase will cover about 300 buildings from 2028 to 2031.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy In tandem with 5.9% of solid economic growth between 2013 and 2022 in the Philippines, total primary energy supply (TPES) expanded from 44 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2013 to 62 Mtoe in 2022. The share of fossil fuels in TPES steadily increased from 59% in 2013 to 67% in 2022. Coal is the fastest growing energy source in TPES growing from 10 Mtoe in 2013 to 19 Mtoe in 2022. Driven by growing fossil fuel contribution to TPES, the energy sector is the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for 60% of total GHG emissions in the country. The energy sector is becoming increasingly susceptible to international fuel price volatility due to a rise in net-import of fossil fuels. The energy self-sufficiency ratio declined from 57% in 2013 to 48% in 2022 and is projected to reduce further to 39% in 2040. Dependence on imported fuels for about 60% of power generation has contributed to an increase in electricity prices, placing the Philippines as the second highest after Singapore among member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Promoting energy efficiency and conservation (EE&C) is essential to manage exponential energy demand growth and increasing dependence on imported fuels. The EE&C Act, established in 2019, sets the regulatory framework for the implementation of energy efficiency measures across all sectors. The Philippines Nationally Determined Contribution (2021) commits to enhance EE&C as one of the major mitigation measures for the reduction and avoidance of 75% of projected GHG emissions by 2030. The Government Energy Management Program (GEMP) is one of the energy efficiency actions included under the EE&C Act. It is a governmentwide program which aims to reduce monthly consumption of electricity and petroleum products of the government through efficient use and conservation of energy and fuel, among others. In 2020, the Inter-Agency Energy Efficiency and Conservation Committee (IAEEC) was created to evaluate and approve the government energy efficiency projects and provide strategic direction in the implementation of the GEMP. The Department of Energy (DOoE) serves as the secretariat for IAEEC, which is composed of the secretariats of eight different departments and the Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). IAEECC issued Resolution No. 1 in 2020 directing all government agencies, including Local Government Units (LGUs), to comply with the GEMP and ordering the DOoE to conduct energy audits of public buildings. GEMP outlines EE&C practices that should be enforced in all public buildings, including LGUs, to meet the goal of at least 10% reduction in monthly consumption of electricity and petroleum products. In January 2024, the President of the Philippines issued an Administrative Order directing DOoE to accelerate the implementation of GEMP. GEMP is expected to deliver substantial annual energy savings. Energy efficient lighting and air conditioning will help reduce electricity expenditure of public buildings which accounts for about 40% of total annual budget. ADB estimates a potential for energy efficiency investment in public buildings of $1.28 billion in the Philippines. The World Bank estimated that energy efficiency in 158 public buildings would deliver 33% energy savings, annual electricity savings of 85 gigawatt-hour (GWh), and GHG emission reduction of 60,200 tons per year with paybacks of about 3.1 years. The installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) in public buildings in the Philippines could deliver annual energy savings of $38.5 million with payback periods of 5-8 years. However, the implementation of GEMP has been slow due to several challenges including: Limited budget to implement GEMP Fragmented implementation across multiple departments and public institutions Lack of knowledge of energy efficiency options of public building owners, particularly LGUsImpact Reduction of energy consumption of public buildings (Government Energy Management Program under the Energy Efficiency & Conservation Act).Outcome Annual energy consumption of public buildings reduced by at least 10% compared to baseline by 2030 (DLI 1).

The project will reduce trans-boundary animal diseases (TAD), food safety and zoonotic disease risks and strengthen livestock value chains and COVID-19 responses through investments in infrastructure, capacity building and policy support. The project will have the following outcome: health, value chains, and formal trade of livestock and livestock products improved. The project will be aligned with the following impact: GMS vision as a leading supplier of safe and environmentally friendly agriculture products realized.OutputsOutput 1Livestock health and value chain infrastructure expanded and upgraded in a climate-friendly manner. The output will establish DCZs comprising feedlots, quarantine facilities, laboratories, and health inspection and vaccination facilities in priority border areas. It will address critical infrastructure gaps in livestock health systems and value chains by developing: (i) breeding and waste management facilities; (ii) slaughtering, processing, and cold storage facilities; (iii) market infrastructure, which are gender-responsive and integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.It will finance remodeling and improvement of laboratories, and zoonotic disease and AMR control facilities. Establishing DCZs is expected to leverage private sector investment in value chain facilities, such as feedlots, slaughtering, processing, packaging and cold chains, biogas digesters and bio-fertilizer factories. Priority border areas for DCZs include those between: Yunnan province, the PRC and Lao PDR; Myanmar and Thailand; borders between Cambodia and Viet Nam.DCZs will be extended to trade routes between: Cambodia and Thailand; Lao PDR and Viet Nam; Myanmar and Thailand.Targeted investments in shared SPS facilities will be considered. Operations and maintenance plans for infrastructure, involving smallholders, will be developed.Output 2Capacity for improved production and health of livestock and livestock products strengthened. The output will strengthen capacities of government staff in areas, such as: (i) animal health services and extension; (ii) disease risk analysis and communication; (iii) field epidemiology, early detection, and hazard monitoring; (iv) laboratory business plans, protocols, and accreditation; (v) TADs, safety, and AMR risk management; (vi) emergency preparedness and responses; (vii) traceability systems; (viii) livestock and meat inspection; (ix) operation of feedlots and quarantine facilities; (x) cold chain management.A gender-responsive information technology-based platform for preventing livestock epidemics and an e-traceability system will be piloted. Government staff will be trained on: (i) hazard analysis and critical control points; (ii) good manufacturing practices towards certification for ISO 22000 or equivalent; (iii) certification of livestock service providers; (iv) integration of e-traceability systems in disease risk communication and management systems harmonized with ASEAN standards.Smallholders will receive training on disease reporting, monitoring, and livestock value addition options.Output 3Enabling policies for better supply, health, safety, and trade in livestock and livestock products enhanced. This output will provide gender-responsive policy support for: (i) effectively integrating smallholders and promoting women's roles in livestock production and value addition; (ii) recognizing equivalence and harmonization of quality and safety systems in the GMS to support the formalization of trade in livestock and livestock products; (iii) incentivizing the use of e-traceability systems; (iv) mobilizing the private sector investment into DCZs, feedlots, and processing facilities, including those related to COVID-19 responses.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyThe livestock subsector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has high potential for economic growth and contribution to food security and livelihoods. Livestock production in the GMS region has more than doubled during 2006-2016 and is expected to continue in the medium-term. Increasing household incomes have affected dietary preferences, leading to a rapid growth in demand for livestock and livestock products. Such rising demand presents opportunities for smallholders, including women, and small- and medium-sized agribusinesses.Growing demand for livestock and livestock products, especially in the People's Republic of China (PRC), has increased large-scale movement and trade of livestock through other GMS countries. However, such trade is mainly informal and uncontrolled, raising risks for the spread of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and zoonoses (diseases transmitted from animals to humans).Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and Myanmar signed memoranda of understanding with the PRC to harmonize trade protocols for ruminants. However, with limited capacity, it is not yet practical for Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar to realistically meet such protocols with high standards to allow formal trade with PRC and other countries. Prevention and control of health hazards are critical to reduce livestock losses and improve resource efficiency.Transboundary animal diseases pose a threat to livelihoods, food security, trade, and economic growth. The global cost of foot and mouth disease is estimated at more than $6.5 billion annually. The African swine fever, a devastating hemorrhagic fever in pigs with high mortality rates approaching 100% and no vaccine, also provides a sobering example of the threat TADs pose to food security. TADs hamper livestock productivity, cause market disruptions, and limit formal trade and market access for GMS livestock suppliers. They often form a key non-tariff barrier to trade in live animals and, in some cases, animal products as per the World Trade Organization's Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement.The agreement allows countries to ban imports from other countries where TADs are present unless the exporting country can demonstrate effective risk management systems. This is also the case with foodborne hazards, including enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and enterotoxigenic E. Coli strains. Zoonoses, foodborne hazards, and antimicrobial resistance threaten human health in addition to causing high costs in terms of healthcare, lost labor and tourism, and limited access to export markets.Approximately 60% of diseases recognized in humans to date are due to multi-host pathogens. Around 75% of newly emerging human infectious diseases, including the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19), are zoonotic. More than 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses are estimated globally each year, causing over 5.5 million disability-adjusted life years and over 400,000 deaths. Pathogens exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) currently cause about 700,000 deaths per year globally, which, if left unchecked, is expected to reach 10 million deaths and a global cost of $100 trillion by 2050.Overuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials in animal production, a key driver of AMR, are already high in GMS and is expected to grow with intensification of livestock industry. Control of TADs is also essential to reduce reliance on antimicrobials in livestock. The proliferation of food safety laws and AMR national action plans in the GMS demonstrate recognition of the critical threat these hazards pose.COVID-19 has become a global pandemic with adverse impacts on food security and livelihoods. Restrictions on the movement of labor, goods, and services, as well as containment measures such as factory and market closures, have reduced food supplies and increased prices sharply. As COVID-19 is zoonotic, investing in livestock disease monitoring and preparedness, and healthy livestock value chains can contribute to COVID-19 response and reduce the risk of emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential.Livestock value chains in GMS are complex, fragmented, inefficient, and frequently cross borders. Inefficiencies in current systems are due to suboptimal infrastructure at key value chain nodes, and absence of effective disease monitoring and control facilities. Lack of livestock breeding centers, feedlots, and facilities for slaughtering, cold storage, and processing contribute to high food losses and low competitiveness. Smallholders lack access to value chain services and markets due to the absence of formal trade pathways.Investments in infrastructure, such as animal disease control zones (DCZs) comprising feedlots, laboratories, and quarantine facilities, can improve livelihoods, resilience, and food security while reducing public health risks including COVID-19, increasing market access, and mitigating adverse environmental impacts.Low capacity to manage animal health and food safety risks is a key concern. Strengthening capacities and policies, including those related to COVID-19 responses, is critical to manage health risks and allow safe movement of livestock and livestock products. The establishment and management of DCZs, with collaboration from the PRC, Australia, and other countries with advanced disease control systems, can improve risk management policies and capacity across the subregion and attract investments from the private sector.The traditional livestock subsector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions accounting for 14.5% of global emissions. It is also a major water consumer and a source of water pollution and other environmental impacts. Improving livestock feed, reducing losses to disease and waste, and adopting greener production and processing technologies can reduce emissions and increase resource use efficiency.Climate change impacts result in low animal productivity. High temperatures, low water availability, and extreme weather events exacerbate animal disease risks. Integration of adaptation measures (e.g., stress-tolerant breeds, feeds, and infrastructure) in livestock health and value chain management can enhance productivity and resilience of livestock farmers and associated ecosystems in a holistic manner.Although the GMS governments have prioritized livestock production, health, trade, and food safety in national strategies, investments in livestock disease control infrastructure, capacity building, and enabling policies are inadequate. National strategies stress the need to improve competitiveness of livestock subsector through adoption of a value chain approach and policies prioritizing smallholder integration in the value chains.Addressing livestock health hazards and strengthening value chains while increasing cross-border benefits through regional cooperation and integration can deliver strong pro-poor and climate-smart development outcomes. Mobilizing private sector investments into livestock value chains through public private partnerships is feasible only when conducive policies and supportive institutions are in place.Investing in infrastructure, capacity building, and policies for livestock disease monitoring, preparedness, and control can increase productivity, inclusiveness, sustainability, and resilience of GMS livestock value chains. Such efforts will produce measurable pro-poor outcomes while promoting trade and regional public goods, including regional health security. They will contribute to the objectives of One Health Approach, which recognizes that animal health, plant health, human health, and environmental health are interrelated and contribute to planetary health.ImpactGMS vision as a leading supplier of safe and environment-friendly agriculture products realized.OutcomeHealth, value chains, and formal trade of livestock and livestock products improved.

The GZAR government has issued the Carbon Peaking Action Plan (2022-2030), which included 10 action plans for different sectors, such as energy, transport, and construction. Action 6 requires promoting circular economy and conserved, efficient, and recycled use of resources by: Creating green low-carbon industrial parks, Strengthening 3R of domestic and industrial wastes, and Promoting circular agriculture.The action plan has set out detailed activities and key targets to be achieved by 2030 and is underpinned by specific investment projects listed in the 14th and 15th five-year plans of circular economy development, zero-waste city construction, and urban and rural solid waste management (SWM). There is clear maturity and ownership of the government's program.Considering the complex, multisector, and multi-stakeholder nature of the development challenges, it is proposed to use results-based lending (RBL) modality to support Action 6 in prioritized cities from 2026 to 2030, a critical implementation period to achieve the carbon peaking goal. Wuzhou and Yulin have been confirmed as program cities as both are listed as national demonstration bases in urban mining. The program will support both public and private sectors in a holistic approach, covering wastes from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and construction sectors. The RBL program's boundary has been preliminarily defined to address the gaps in: Institutional capacity, workforce, and public awareness; Solid waste management; and Circular economy.This aims to accelerate zero-waste city development in Guangxi through three outputs.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyCountry ContextSince the 1990s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has experienced remarkable socioeconomic growth, spearheaded by rapid industrialization and urbanization that resulted in extraordinary increases in consumption of natural resources and consumer goods. In 2023, the PRC generated approximately 260 million tons of municipal solid waste and 4.28 billion tons of general industrial waste. The total energy consumption increased nine folds from 571.44 million tons of standard coal equivalent in 1978 to 5.72 billion tons in 2023.The PRC is the world's largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, with 12.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted in 2021, equivalent to 25.88% of global GHG emissions. The Government of the PRC committed its nationally determined contributions for carbon emissions to peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The government prepared two national action plans for the respective goals, in which advancing circular economy and comprehensive resource conservation, and recycling of solid waste are part of the 10 key actions. The goals and action plans are cascaded down to provincial and city-level governments, making zero-waste city a national development priority.Zero-waste city helps to reduce the demand for raw materials and new products by promoting conserved, efficient, and recycled use of resources, and thereby cutting down energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with raw material extraction, production, transportation, and disposal of consumer goods. It also reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills, which in turn decreases methane emissions, a potent GHG.Local ContextThe Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) has a population of 57.48 million as of 2023 and an area of 18,677 square kilometers. It remains one of the underdeveloped provinces in the PRC, with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) ranking 29th and the average per capita disposable income ranking 24th out of all 31 provinces in 2022. GZAR is in the southwest part of the PRC and borders with Viet Nam, making it a strategic province in the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program (GMS program).GMS countries are vulnerable to climate change risks because of their extensive coastal lines and low-lying areas, frequent extreme weather events, economic dependence on climate-sensitive sectors, high-density population, and limited resources for climate adaptation. Climate change is a major component in the GMS program wherein GZAR is listed as a priority for its role in such cooperation.Known for subtropical fruits, sugar, other agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals, Guangxi's economy relies heavily on agricultural and industrial sectors characterized by high energy and waste intensity. In 2022, the province's energy intensity was 0.50 compared to the national average of 0.45, and the industrial waste intensity was 0.39 compared to the national average of 0.34.Guangxi started its zero-waste city development from 2018 in three national pilot cities and aims to scale up the implementation in over 60% of its cities (nine cities or more) by 2027. Zero-waste city implementation in all 14 cities is targeted by 2030.Despite the progress achieved, the gaps in the following three areas need to be fulfilled to achieve the set targets: Institutional capacity, workforce, and public awareness: Zero-waste city development involves 19 government agencies and requires a high level of cross-departmental coordination. The institutional capacity in most cities is insufficient to set up a sound coordination mechanism to prepare and implement their zero-waste city action plan. Particularly, information and communication systems for data collection, processing, and management are not yet in place to support cross-departmental decision-making. A comprehensive professional workforce in waste management, recycling technologies, and sustainable practices is still underdeveloped in Guangxi. The public understanding about zero-waste city is still limited. Current public behavior and lifestyle of choosing convenience over sustainable options, such as single-use plastics instead of reusable items and over-reliance on food delivery, counters zero-waste city development. Solid waste management: Although Guangxi has already achieved almost full urban municipal waste collection, treatment, and safe disposal, the overall solid waste management (SWM) is insufficient to support reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) practice. The municipal, industrial, agricultural, and construction and demolition wastes generated in 2022 are 14.7, 102.8, 120.0, and 48.1 million tons; with the recycle ratios of 37%, 51%, under 30%, and 16%, respectively. Waste generation is still growing steadily. Waste source reduction and sorting need to be strengthened. Re-mixing of sorted waste happens in some poorly managed transfer or treatment processes. The ratio of resource recovery remains low, particularly for industrial, construction and demolition, and agriculture wastes. With the increased incineration capacity in Guangxi, a large number of landfill sites will gradually retire and need to be safely closed and rehabilitated for land resource recovery. Circular economy: Guangxi has been striving to transform its energy- and waste-intensive economy into a circular one, and has established several demonstration industrial bases in solid waste reutilization, resource recovery, and refabrication. However, the circular economy needs to be further scaled up to drive the zero-waste city development. The infrastructure and living environment in circular economy industrial parks are not well-established to attract talents and private investments. With only a small number of flagship enterprises introduced, most industrial parks still have not formed comprehensive industrial clusters and cohesive industrial chains. Their intermediary services in finance, tax, and legal need to be further improved to attract and support smaller but relevant businesses. Environmental management systems of the circular industrial parks are still not sufficiently developed to ensure compliance with desired environmental and emission reduction standards.ImpactCarbon peaking before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 achieved in Guangxi.OutcomeImplementation of zero-waste city in Guangxi accelerated.

Description The TA is proposed to develop Bhutan's overall power dispatch options and strategies for domestic electricity consumption and international power trade. It will look into strategic views to maximize power export from various potential energy sources of hydropower, solar power, and wind power while meeting growing domestic electricity consumption. Coupled with the strategic frameworks, the TA will help conduct comprehensive due diligence studies for two hydropower schemes, namely, the Bunakha and the Nyera Amari projects, which are being supported by the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) project readiness financing (PRF) for detailed engineering studies including safeguard and climate resilient design. Following more findings from both the PRF and this TA, the ensuing projects will be assessed for ADB financing; therefore, each ensuing project's concept note will be separately prepared based on more detailed assessments.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategySector and Macroeconomic Issues Bhutan has exported hydropower to India to earn significant revenues, which has been the primary source of government spending on socioeconomic development for social services. These earnings have also contributed to maintaining Indian rupee reserves, which are essential for purchasing many imported goods from India. Hydropower exports account for about 50% of total exports and contribute 30-40% of the government's annual revenue. As a result, Bhutan has been incentivized to promote hydropower development as a key driver of inclusive economic growth. However, hydropower exports have experienced a decline since 2020 because of rising domestic electricity demand. This increased consumption has reduced exports and resultant revenues. The domestic demand will continue growing, mainly driven by industrial customers. To make matters worse, Bhutan has had to import expensive power from India during the winter dry season.Seasonal Changes in Demand and Supply Despite being a power surplus country on an annual basis, Bhutan faces a significant seasonal shift in its power situation. During the dry winter season (December-March), hydropower generation drops drastically to less than 20% of the installed capacity because of reduced river inflows. Since all hydropower plants in Bhutan rely on run-of-river generation, their water storage capacity is insufficient to accommodate seasonal fluctuations. This position has been exacerbated by the recent surge in demand, which has intensified cyclical power shortages. To deal with this situation, Bhutan has been increasing power imports over the years. However, the power purchase prices have shown a significant upward trend since 2016.Sector Strategies In response to the winter power shortage issue, the Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC), the government-owned power generation company, intends to expand solar power generation as an alternative power source. Solar power facilities offer the advantage of rapidly increasing capacity during the dry winter seasons when there are more sunny days. However, the potential feasible solar power capacity is not sufficient to cover the current domestic power deficits. Therefore, the DGPC maintains its development strategy of promoting hydropower development for both domestic consumption and power exports while diversifying its power generation types, including reservoir, pumped storage, and small hydropower plants, alongside solar power development.Project Details Bunakha Project: Designed as a reservoir type (180 megawatt [MW]), primarily to address power deficits during the dry season and promote complementary operation with forthcoming solar projects. It will effectively function as a large battery storage system and help stabilize intermittent generation from solar and wind power. It can also export excess power to India during the wet season. Nyera Amari Project: A run-of-river type (404 MW), crucial for the DGPC to continue increasing its generation capacity for power exports, which will help sustain the government revenue and the national economy. Climate Impacts Bhutan's hydropower is viewed not only through the lens of inclusive growth and regional cooperation but also as part of climate change strategies. It is recognized as a significant contributor to climate mitigation, especially when exported and consumed in India. This is because India's grid relies heavily on coal-fired power plants, which contributes to high levels of carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, Bhutan's power imports from India carry a carbon dioxide-polluting footprint. In this context, Bhutan's hydropower development holds great potential for contributing to subregional climate change mitigation. However, hydropower projects face various challenges related to climate change adaptation, safeguard impacts, benefit- and risk-sharing coordination, and securing financing for high-cost and long-gestation projects.ADB Value Addition To address these challenges, ADB has supported Bhutan in designing and developing two sustainable hydropower projects. First, the Dagachhu hydropower plant (126 MW) marked a significant milestone as Bhutan's first public-private partnership in Bhutan's infrastructure sector. It also gained global recognition as the world's first cross-border Clean Development Mechanism project. Second, ADB has supported the Nikachhu hydropower project (118 MW) through a syndication with Indian commercial banks. While these plants became operational, both projects experienced delays in implementation. In preparing the Bunakha and Nyera Amari projects, therefore, the PRF was provided to conduct more detailed engineering studies in advance to enhance readiness for implementation. These design studies prioritize climate-adaptive approaches, minimizing safeguard impacts and risks, reducing life-cycle costs, and maximizing operational efficiency to ensure sustainable and resilient hydropower development. Furthermore, ADB has supported a series of solar power projects, placing it in a strong position to offer comprehensive strategies for diversifying and integrating different power sources.Impact Bhutan's clean energy development options diversified.Outcome Enhanced readiness for project development in clean energy resources will be achieved.

Project Objectives The proposed project will assist the government in addressing climate vulnerabilities and enhancing public health and economic conditions by ensuring inclusive access to safe, reliable, climate-resilient, and sustainable WSS services for the residents of Andijan, Djizzak, and Fergana provinces; and the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The project will help upgrade and expand the WSS infrastructure in the project regions and support regional suvtaminots in implementing transformational changes. The physical investments will be supplemented with targeted institutional strengthening, including enhancement of operational capabilities of regional suvtaminots on the development of district metering areas (DMAs) and NRW reduction practices. This will involve establishing specialized operations and maintenance (O&M) teams for effective management of both new and rehabilitated WSS assets to ensure sustainable and resilient WSS service delivery. Furthermore, the project will promote awareness of water conservation, health, sanitation, and hygiene with particular emphasis on empowering women and vulnerable populations.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyClimate Change Risk and Water Scarcity Uzbekistan is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, ranking 72nd out of 185 countries in the 2021 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index, and Asian Development Bank's (ADB) Asian Water Development Outlook 2020. Average annual temperatures have increased steadily, at an average rate of 0.27C per decade (1950-2013). The World Bank reports that warming will exceed the global averages in Central Asia, and annual average temperatures could rise by 5C-6C by 2100. Approximately 10% of Uzbekistan's water resources are within the country boundary, making the nation susceptible to transboundary water availability challenges. Reduced river flow from upstream countries poses a significant threat of acute water scarcity in its principal river basins. The total annual water shortages will increase to 7 billion cubic meters (m3) in 2030 and 15 billion m3 in 2050. This situation raises concerns over potential mudslides, accelerated glacier melting, and exacerbating shortages of potable water. Climate change, population pressures (especially in Andijan and Fergana that are the most populated areas with high trends of population increase) and anticipated economic growth will intensify the demand for water resources, both surface water and groundwater. Water scarcity will become a more prevalent challenge threatening health and food security countrywide, with potentially dire social impacts, especially on the poor. Improved water management, diversification of water resources, and practical adaptation measures play a vital role in addressing the risks of water scarcity along with other supportive measures and climate-aligned water sector policies.Environmental Risks in Conjunction with Climate Change Impacts Climate change extreme events and impacts aggravate existing environmental and land degradation in Central Asia, which can create further pressure on biodiversity and undermine the capacity of ecosystems to provide critical services. In particular, Fergana Valley was designated as the highest climate change risk area among 11 identified regional and transboundary climate change hotspots in Central Asia. The Fergana Valley is Central Asia's most extensive oil refinery and a hub for key industries such as chemicals, textiles, and mining, and it also serves as a critical junction for transportation networks that link neighboring nations and the wider region. The presence of inadequately maintained and unprotected mines, situated near groundwater sources and tributaries leading into the Syr Darya watershed, heightens the risk of groundwater contamination and public health hazards, and the risk is exacerbated by extreme climate events (floods, etc.). The result of this situation in Fergana Valley is that the majority of groundwater wells have a high content of calcium carbonate and other minerals—this is a typical result of groundwater contamination by mining waste and agricultural chemicals—and water is no longer accepted by consumers. Disaster risk management shall be integrated into water and land use planning at all levels (community, management level, nongovernment organizations, private sector, and other stakeholders). Water resources, especially groundwater, should be protected from environmental hazards which are exacerbated by extreme climate change events. An efficient diversification of water resources between groundwater and surface water will be necessary to maximize the use of surface water. The protection of groundwater is also planned in the Fergana Valley through the construction of various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).Water Supply and Sanitation Management and Challenges The Uzsuvtaminot Joint Stock Company (UJSC), established in 2019, is a government-owned entity responsible for improving and expanding water supply and sanitation (WSS) services throughout the country, serving 22.2 million people through its 17 regional WSS utilities (suvtaminots). The regional suvtaminots, however, face challenges as they strive to evolve into modern, performance-driven utilities grappling with persistent issues such as excessive non-revenue water (NRW) and energy costs, high staff turnover rate, and a lack of smart water management systems and technologies essential for efficient asset and operational management. System and operational deficiencies contribute negatively to suvtaminot financial performance: 6 suvtaminots report net incomes of only around 1% 10 report losses (2%-38%) 5 report liquidity issues 10 report negative returns on equity The sector is constrained through compliance with over 200 regulations, some of which overlap, or are unclear and ambiguous. Historically, tariffs have been highly variable and unable to support full cost recovery. Despite a strong gender equality legal framework, women are underrepresented in higher-paying and decision-making positions. Insufficient legal framework, low tariff to provide return on equity, and no government guarantee mechanism can be obstacles in attracting the private sector.Water and Sanitation Issues in Project Areas The Republic of Karakalpakstan along with the provinces of Andijan, Djizzak, and Fergana face deficiencies in WSS services. More than 2.3 million inhabitants in these areas lack access to municipal water supply systems, 3.4 million rely on standpipes for water, and only 4.3 million (representing 43% of the total population) have piped household supplies. Wastewater services are even more inadequate, with just 11% of the region's population covered by a centralized sewerage system, leading to significant discharge of untreated wastewater into local environments. Water continuity diminishes beyond larger cities, especially in Djizzak province where the majority of areas receive water for an average of only 5 hours per day. Cumulatively, nearly one-third of all installed water pipelines and networks (approximately 8,000 kilometers [km]) in these regions require rehabilitation, along with 750 km of the 2,500 km of wastewater collectors and networks. However, the water supply systems in Andijan city and neighboring districts as well as in Fergana City were recently rehabilitated and expanded under Uzbekistan: Multitrance Financing Facility Water Supply and Sanitation Services Investment Program (2010-2019).Synergy with the ADB's Climate-Smart Water Management Improvement Project (2024) The proposed project (Climate-Resilient Water and Sanitation Services Project [CRWSSP]) is part of the more comprehensive initiative of ADB to reform the water sector through the Climate-Smart Water Management Improvement Project (CSWMIP) (approval in 2024). The initiative aligns and is in full coordination with the government's initiative to upgrade the UJSC and suvtaminots by deploying a comprehensive digital transformation of water sector management nationwide. The CSWMIP proposes innovative approaches and climate-smart solutions to improve the efficiency of water utilities through the operationalization of digital tools and information technology (IT) smart systems. Geographic information system and smart metering in conjunction with tactical water network management system and asset management system tools will: Provide real-time monitoring of water flow, pressure, and quality Allow the creation of network zones and DMAs to better manage networks and help identify leaks and other issues in the network to reduce NRW Allow suvtaminots to manage assets efficiently and develop O&M programs for key infrastructure The proposed project suvtaminots (Andijan, Djizzak, Fergana, and Karakalpakstan) are part of this nationwide initiative and will benefit from the related institutional reforms, operational support, and capacity-building activities which will be integrated and complemented by the proposed CRWSSP institutional strengthening activities. In particular, the Climate-Smart initiative will support smart systems management and operations through the development of methodologies for IT systems. It will also prepare investment strategies and roadmaps for each suvtaminot, establish collaborative change management partnerships with UJSC and the suvtaminots, and enhance data management centers' staff capabilities. The CSWMIP will also increase the financial management proficiency by: Establishing a robust financial risk management unit within UJSC and its suvtaminots and supporting tariff reforms Updating accounting policies and procedures for the integration of the billing system and Asset Management System with the financial management system and providing training on the updated procedures Supporting the shift to International Financial Reporting Standards and the audit of the 2024-2027 financial statements Providing hands-on capacity building for the UJSC and suvtaminots to produce the International Financial Reporting Standards-based financial statementsImpact Environment, health, and living conditions of residents in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the provinces of Andijan, Djizzak, and Fergana enhanced. Resilience and adaptation to climate change and related hazards increased, and vulnerability of water resources reduced in Uzbekistan.Outcome Provision of safe and sustainable WSS services in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the provinces of Andijan, Djizzak, and Fergana improved.

Descrizione del ProgettoIl progetto mira a promuovere mutui accessibili per persone a basso e medio reddito, che soddisfano criteri ecologici, per supportare l'accesso al finanziamento abitativo da parte di gruppi a basso e medio reddito, comprese le donne. Le soluzioni proposte includono: Supportare lo sviluppo e il finanziamento di mutui verdi a lungo termine, consentendo alla popolazione a basso e medio reddito, comprese le donne, che non sono servite dai programmi di mutuo esistenti di SMC o dal settore bancario commerciale, di acquisire nuove abitazioni verdi ed energeticamente efficienti; Supportare lo sviluppo e il finanziamento di prestiti per ristrutturazione, mirati ad adattare le abitazioni esistenti agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici; Creare uno schema di finanziamento sostenibile, inclusa l'adozione di principi ESG, che consenta a SMC di combinare finanziamenti privati e supportare in modo più efficace lo sviluppo del mercato dei mutui commerciali; Supportare lo sviluppo e l'adozione di criteri di edilizia verde e standard costruttivi da utilizzare da parte del settore privato delle costruzioni e delle banche.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleLa Repubblica del Kirghizistan è ad alto rischio in termini di vulnerabilità climatica. Il progetto promuoverà attività di finanziamento di mutui verdi nel settore finanziario, supportando la standardizzazione dei criteri di edilizia verde e delle misure integrate di efficienza energetica nel settore delle costruzioni e nel mercato dei mutui, offrendo finanziamenti a lungo termine al settore bancario commerciale.ImpattoTBDRisultatoTBD

Descrizione del ProgettoIl KWSP Fase 2 prevede di: fornire un approvvigionamento idrico per la popolazione attualmente non servita, con disposizioni per l'espansione del sistema fino al 2050; implementare soluzioni climatiche resilienti e sostenibili per affrontare l'ingresso di salinità nelle fonti d'acqua durante la stagione secca; migliorare la capacità di gestione intelligente dell'acqua di KWASA espandendo il sistema di controllo e acquisizione dati (SCADA) esistente e le aree di misurazione distrettuale (DMA) per gestire l'acqua non fatturata (NRW), migliorando il sistema di fatturazione e stabilendo sistemi di monitoraggio e allerta intelligenti per gestire la salinità delle fonti d'acqua e l'astrazione; potenziare la capacità istituzionale per la gestione sostenibile dei sistemi di approvvigionamento idrico e fognario.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleIl Bangladesh ha mantenuto una crescita economica sostenuta, guidata dallo sviluppo industriale e dall'urbanizzazione, con un tasso medio del 7,6% all'anno dal 2016 al 2019. La popolazione urbana del Bangladesh è aumentata dal 26% (39 milioni) nel 2010 al 38% (64 milioni) nel 2020 e si prevede che raggiunga il 58% entro il 2050. I rapidi aumenti della popolazione urbana aggravano il deficit esistente nei servizi urbani di base.Nel 2020, il 52,7% della popolazione urbana del Bangladesh aveva accesso a acqua potabile gestita in modo sicuro (per lo più intermittente), mentre il 33,5% aveva accesso a servizi igienici gestiti in modo sicuro. La mancanza di accesso a acqua sicura, servizi igienici e igiene ha comportato significativi rischi per la salute, comprese le malattie diarroiche, responsabili del 17% dei decessi nei bambini sotto i cinque anni in Bangladesh. Sebbene la prevalenza della diarrea sia diminuita dal 12,6% nel 1993-1994 al 4,7% nel 2017-2018, il colera rimane endemico in alcune aree, e la sua trasmissione aumenta durante eventi meteorologici estremi come inondazioni e siccità.Per affrontare queste sfide, il governo ha adottato misure per migliorare l'accesso a strutture di approvvigionamento idrico, igiene e servizi igienici (WASH) e ha fissato obiettivi ambiziosi per raggiungere l'accesso universale a acqua e servizi igienici sicuri entro il 2030. Questo è supportato dal 8° Piano quinquennale del governo (luglio 2020-giugno 2025) e dal Piano di sviluppo del settore (2011-2025) per l'approvvigionamento idrico e i servizi igienici.Le tariffe idriche inadeguate rendono difficile per le utility idriche e gli enti locali urbani svolgere adeguate operazioni e manutenzioni (O&M) e investire nel miglioramento dei sistemi di approvvigionamento idrico e servizi igienici. Il Bangladesh è estremamente vulnerabile a rischi idro-meteorologici naturali. L'innalzamento del livello del mare porta alla sommersione di aree costiere basse e all'intrusione di acqua salina nei fiumi costieri e nelle falde acquifere, riducendo la disponibilità di acqua dolce.Khulna è la terza città più grande (dopo Dhaka e Chattogram) e si trova nella fascia costiera. L'Autorità per l'approvvigionamento idrico e fognario di Khulna (KWASA), istituita nel 2008, è responsabile dell'implementazione e dell'operazione del sistema di approvvigionamento idrico e fognario nella città di Khulna (Legge WASA 1996). Il Progetto di approvvigionamento idrico di Khulna (KWSP), co-finanziato dalla Banca asiatica di sviluppo (ADB) e dalla Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), ha cambiato la fonte d'acqua da sotterranea a superficiale (fiume Modhumoti, 58 chilometri da Khulna) per il quale i lavori sono stati completati a giugno 2019.Lo studio JICA del 2010, sulla base del quale è stata identificata la fonte fluviale, ha previsto che l'aumento della salinità (cioè, superiore a 1.000 milligrammi per litro [mg/l]) potrebbe durare circa 16 giorni durante aprile. Di conseguenza, è stato costruito un serbatoio di accumulo per diluire l'acqua del fiume durante la stagione secca mescolandola con acqua dolce immagazzinata nel serbatoio per ridurre la salinità a un livello adatto per il trattamento. Tuttavia, i dati di monitoraggio della qualità dell'acqua di KWASA per il 2020, 2021 e 2023 mostrano che la salinità dell'acqua in ingresso variava da 1.100 a 2.300 mg/l da aprile a giugno e rimaneva tra 20 e 50 mg/l per i restanti nove mesi.Dal completamento del KWSP nel 2019, l'aumento della salinità dell'acqua è emerso come un problema critico che deve essere affrontato urgentemente. Il KWSP ha servito una popolazione di 1,1 milioni (40.000 case) con 113 litri pro capite al giorno. Sotto il KWSP, circa 6.000 case non sono state collegate ai servizi idrici poiché quelle aree non avevano allineamenti stradali per progettare la rete di distribuzione durante la progettazione del progetto. Le reti stradali per quelle aree sono ora state sviluppate. L'area della corporazione cittadina si è espansa dalla progettazione del KWSP e circa 9.000 case sono state recentemente costruite nelle aree centrali ed estese della città. Pertanto, un'ulteriore popolazione di 0,4 milioni (15.000 case) ha attualmente bisogno di servizi di approvvigionamento idrico. Oltre alla popolazione attualmente non servita, è necessaria una pianificazione a lungo termine per l'approvvigionamento idrico per far fronte alla domanda futura e garantire un servizio idrico sostenibile per tutti.ImpattoFornitura di acqua potabile e servizi igienici garantiti in modo sostenibile, senza lasciare indietro nessuno (8° Piano quinquennale [2020-2025] del Bangladesh).RisultatoMigliorata la resilienza e la sostenibilità dei servizi di approvvigionamento idrico nella città di Khulna.

The proposed project will support the development of a comprehensive approach to early warning system (EWS) by putting in place the five key elements of EWS in a cycle: (i) risk knowledge with appropriate assessment, (ii) detection and surveillance networks, monitoring and analysis, (iii) forecasting and warning, (iv) dissemination and communication, (v) preparedness and response capacity.These elements are fundamental needs for early warning system for all kind of hazards including epidemics and pandemics. Lack of or inadequate interventions or poor performance of any of these elements in the cycle may lead to the failure of the entire EWS. To achieve an outcome of effective EWS, the system should: (i) involve the people and communities at risk from a range of hazards; (ii) link EWS to contingency plans, adequately supported by physical and social infrastructure; (iii) utilize cutting edge technologies to enhance efficiency; (iv) promote inclusiveness; and (v) engage all stakeholders at different levels.At present, integrated EWS is not available in Mongolia, and its need is becoming even more apparent during recent national emergencies. In Mongolia, early warning information is available only for selected hazards such as earthquakes in and around Ulaanbaatar. Likewise, meteorological forecast alone is often regarded as warning information. Investment in comprehensive EWS for critical hazards through proper assessment is therefore urgently needed in Mongolia.The proposed project will also result in significant capacity building and awareness raising about disaster risk management and the role of disaster risk reduction strategies. The proposed loan will build on existing capacity and activities within the National Emergency and Management Agency as well as coordinate with stakeholders in the sector.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyMongolia is extremely vulnerable to different types of hazards due to its geographical location, poorly planned and rapid urbanization and infrastructure growth, persistent poverty, limited institutional capacity, and continental climate. The most common hazardous events in Mongolia are dzuds (extreme winter episode), snowstorms, droughts, heavy rain, and fires. Currently, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak presents a significant challenge for the country due to the impact on local, regional, and global economic conditions.In 2017, the country experienced 4,182 occurrences of hazardous events, that resulted in direct economic losses of $38 million (MNT96.6 billion). The toll of disasters has been significant, from 2004 to 2013 disasters and hazardous phenomena caused approximately $321 million (MNT841.5 billion) of economic losses. The annual economic loss to Mongolia's gross domestic product during 2004 to 2013 ranged from equivalent to 1% to 4%, with most significant losses occurring from dzud conditions in 2009-2010. Over the same period, a total of $16 million (MNT42.2 billion) was spent for emergency response and recovery activities. About 30% of the population in Mongolia live under poverty and their livelihood relies on traditional animal husbandry, which has frequently been suffered from disasters.Besides social impacts, the cost of disasters places a significant financial burden on government and affected communities and causes severe economic impacts. To support the sustainable socioeconomic development of the country, there is a significant need to strengthen disaster risk management (DRM). Until recently, institutional mandates, laws and policies have predominantly focused on planning for disaster response.The Government of Mongolia, in line with its commitment to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015-2030, and International Health Regulation has recently reoriented its approach to place additional importance on a more comprehensive approach to DRM with greater emphasis placed on identifying, preventing new, and reducing existing disaster risk along with ongoing response and recovery approaches.In recent years, the government has been promoting activities with the objective of refining the DRM's legal, environmental, and organizational standards and improving effectiveness of DRM including monitoring and supervision activities. For example, activities have been piloted in selected areas focusing on: (i) the establishment of early warning system for earthquakes in Ulaanbaatar City and nearby areas; (ii) support for herder households to strengthen preparation and response mechanisms for dzuds; and (iii) capacity building at central and local levels.Success from pilot activities have supported the government's plan for a comprehensive DRM approach with the intention to increase investments in DRM measures. The government has also opened up opportunities to engage the private sector as a complement to further increase overall financial, economic, social, public health, and environmental resilience to disasters. The National Disaster Protection Law (2003) was amended in 2017 by the government to accommodate such plans. However, there are still significant gaps and challenges that the government is facing that continue to constrain the upscaling and broad adoption of comprehensive DRM approaches.Most notable constraints for comprehensive DRM are the limited resources, skilled personnel, awareness, analytical tools and systems, equipment, and physical and institutional infrastructure. This results in fragmented measures and uneven geographical coverage, and incomplete application of systems such as early warning.The disaster preparedness and response including containing the spread of pandemics such as COVID-19 have been a challenging task in Mongolia due to the country's demographic and geographic characteristics as well as due to weak coordination among organizations at different levels. Particularly, the organizations that produce hazard forecasts are not those that issue and disseminate warnings and respond to emergencies. Although it has not been a case during COVID-19 response, the situation could have been worse if the pandemic had already spread in the local communities or if other hazards requiring evacuation of populations occurred in pandemic-affected communities.Likewise, different channels with inconsistent early warning communication and emergency response for dzud, flash floods, and forest and steppe fires without proper coordination will necessarily cause confusions among operators and communities during emergencies. The National Emergency Management Agency's (NEMA) is mandated for overall DRM including coordination at national and local levels but its technical and institutional capacity needs to be strengthened significantly to overcome the challenges.ImpactMongolia's resilience to disasters enhanced. Disaster resilience in developing member countries strengthened.OutcomeDisaster preparedness at the national and local levels strengthened.

Description This knowledge and support technical assistance (TA) aims to help India accelerate the energy transition from hydrocarbon to green hydrogen economy through novel technologies, suitable applications, and concrete development roadmaps. Hydrogen energy can be called 'green hydrogen' when it is produced in the process of water electrolysis powered by renewable sources. This alternative energy is carbon-free to help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in various energy-intensive sectors. Thus, the TA will support the climate change and the post coronavirus disease (COVID-19) green recovery. The TA plans to take a practical approach in pairing preparation of pilot projects and policy frameworks in tandem. The TA will identify and prepare green hydrogen project schemes for demonstration purposes with technical, financial, contractual, and capacity development arrangements. In parallel, the TA will help formulate the government's sector level policy frameworks and the corporate level business strategies towards investments in pilot and subsequent projects.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy During 2020-2021, the Government of India announced the National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHEM) to draw up a roadmap for using green hydrogen as an energy source. This initiative has the potential of transforming economic activities on energy, transportation, industry, agribusiness, and others since there are various usages of hydrogen in the multi-sectors. Currently, hydrogen is widely used for petrochemical and manufacturing industries to produce plastics, glasses, electronics, steel, solvents, methanol, and ammonia which can be further used to produce chemical fertilizers. Much hydrogen is also used in an oil refinery process to remove sulfur and others. Thus, the hydrogen consumption has been increasing with economic and industrial growth. The usage can further be expanded to blending to compressed natural gas and pipelined gas, fuel cells for heavy duty transport (e.g., buses and trucks), industrial heat, power generation, and renewable energy storage purposes.Impact Usage of green hydrogen increased in multiple sectors as aligned with the National Hydrogen Energy Mission.Outcome Readiness for project investments in green hydrogen development and business enhanced.

Descrizione del ProgettoIl progetto proposto prevede la costruzione di un ponte attraverso la Laguna di Fanga'uta a Nuku'alofa, la capitale del Regno di Tonga. Il ponte avrà una lunghezza di circa 720 m e sarà accompagnato da 4,96 km di strade di accesso da Nuku'alofa a Vaini, nel sud di Tongatapu. Il progetto avrà i seguenti obiettivi: Ridurre la congestione del traffico e accorciare i tempi di viaggio per le persone che vivono o viaggiano da e verso Nuku'alofa e le parti meridionali di Tongatapu; Fornire una via di evacuazione verso aree più elevate in caso di tsunami ed eventi meteorologici estremi; Facilitare il trasferimento a lungo termine delle comunità attualmente residenti in aree basse verso zone più elevate a causa dei cambiamenti climatici.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleTonga si trova nell'Oceano Pacifico meridionale e comprende circa 170 isole in un arcipelago, di cui 36 sono popolate. Tongatapu, l'isola principale di Tonga, ha circa 75.000 residenti, ovvero quasi il 70% della popolazione totale di Tonga. Le strade svolgono un ruolo vitale nella connettività sociale e commerciale dell'isola principale. Nuku'alofa, situata sulla costa nord di Tongatapu, ospita le infrastrutture e i servizi critici del paese, come uffici governativi, il principale porto, ospedali, centri commerciali, scuole e servizi idrici ed elettrici.La crescita del traffico del 2,9% all'anno a Nuku'alofa ha portato a congestione sulle strade principali e secondarie che conducono al centro città. Questa pesante congestione limita l'accesso delle aree regionali circostanti a opportunità di lavoro, istruzione, salute e servizi governativi nella città. Nuku'alofa si trova su terreni a bassa quota, con gran parte delle sue infrastrutture vulnerabili all'innalzamento del livello del mare e ad altri rischi climatici come mareggiate e erosione costiera. Di conseguenza, la vulnerabilità economica e operativa dell'intero paese ai disastri derivanti da eventi naturali, come tsunami, cicloni tropicali e inondazioni, è estrema.ImpattoSettore dei trasporti potenziato per sostenere la crescita economica (Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025).RisultatoConnettività e rete stradale a Tongatapu migliorate.

Project Description The project will support increased contributions of clean energy in Mongolia's energy mix while also supporting energy security, efficiency, and resilience. The project will finance the construction of a new 220 kilovolt (kV) transmission line to connect to the 90-megawatt (MW) Erdeneburen hydropower plant (HPP) to the existing grid network. This will increase supply in the Western Energy System (WES), eliminate costly and high-emission imports from the Russian Federation, and facilitate maximized utilization of wind and solar generating capacity. The project also includes a demonstration medium-depth ground source heat pump (MDGSHP) technology connected to the central district heating network in Kharkhorin to increase awareness and acceptance of this as a technically viable alternative to coal-fired heat only boilers in smaller district heating networks. Additionally, the project will strengthen institutional capacity across planning and operation of energy assets and in the potential role of cleaner technologies to support a transition to a cleaner energy mix in Mongolia.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Several aspects affect the development and scaling up of renewable energy capacity in Mongolia: Power System Constraints: Mongolia's power system has insufficient capacity to meet existing power demand. Currently, Mongolia imports around 19% of its electricity requirement from the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China (PRC), but there is no spare transmission capacity to allow increased imports. Mongolia requires 800 MW of new electricity generating capacity and associated transmission and distribution network capacity by 2028 to reliably meet forecast power demand. Domestic Power Supply Profile: Total installed power generating capacity in Mongolia was 1,549 megawatts (MW) in 2021. Generation capacity is dominated by old and inefficient coal-fired combined heat and power plants (CHPs), representing 89% of domestic supply. Despite Mongolia's vast potential for wind and solar power, estimated at 2,600 gigawatts (GW), installed capacity of wind and solar reached only 247 MW in 2021. The operational inflexibility of the CHPs inhibits growth in variable renewable energy generating capacity. To support grid flexibility and manage peak load, ADB financed an 80 MW (2.5 hour duration) battery energy storage system planned for commissioning in late 2023. Western Energy System (WES): The WES is currently supplied by the 12 MW Durgun HPP, the 10 MW Myangad solar system, and a 180km 110 kV interconnection line from the Siberian grid in the Russian Federation, with high transmission losses. Current imports from Russia reach up to 43.8 MW (about 2/3 of total system capacity) but supply is not assured, and the system also experiences outages. Additional power generation needs to be added to the WES urgently. Heat Supply Profile: Heat is vital in Mongolia, which can experience extreme low temperatures of 40 degrees Celsius or below. Coal dominates Mongolian heat supply, with the CHPs providing heat to large district heating systems, coal-fired heat only boilers connected to smaller district heating systems, and household coal burning stoves. This approach results in high levels of ground-level pollution in cities, towns, and villages, and high levels of health-harming pollution in indoor environments. Current heat supply and delivery systems have low efficiency, suffer high losses, and often deliver inadequate heat supply. However, clean heating solutions such as ground-based heat pumps are not yet mainstreamed in Mongolia, with only small scale pilots financed by donor grants. Demonstrating advanced clean heating technologies in Mongolia would be transformational for the country's economy.Impact Greenhouse gas emissions reduced Energy supply reliability and security increasedOutcome Renewable, efficient, and secure electricity supply increased Acceptance of cleaner heat supply technologies increased

Project Description The project will support Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee and their government to finance a sound wastewater and drainage system in the remaining catchments, thereby strengthening its foundation as the socioeconomic growth pole of southern Viet Nam. The impact of the project will be improved surface water quality and drainage capacity in HCMC. The outcome will be increased wastewater and drainage collection and treatment capacity in key catchments in HCMC. Project outputs will: Upgrade the existing combined sewer system with interceptors; Construct new separate sewer pipeline systems for storm run-off and sewage, and advanced centralized wastewater treatment plants; Strengthen septage management of household septic tanks by developing a desludge and collection scheme with appropriate equipment and vehicles; Capacity building and institutional strengthening of the implementing agency for medium- and long-term strategic planning for sewage and drainage, and asset construction and management skills including private sector participation, the operating agencies for operation and maintenance, and climate resilient disaster management planning, and the local people for awareness raising.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest city in Viet Nam with 8.0 million inhabitants, is the center of Viet Nam's economic activity, contributing 27% of the national gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014. Under the central government's long-term strategic vision of Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS), 2011-2020 and its 5-year Socio-Economic Development Plans (SEDP), HCMC will remain the main engine of Viet Nam's urbanization and industrialization with its higher GDP growth rate over the national average. While HCMC's growth has been underpinned by investments in basic urban infrastructure and improved water supply systems, its development stands at a turning point. Weak wastewater and drainage systems have become a clear bottleneck as surface water quality of inland canals and rivers has rapidly deteriorated, raising serious public health and environmental concerns. In HCMC, the country's typical sector problems occur at the largest scale: A sewer network coverage has improved little from 12% in 1997, with only 50-80% user connections even in the central districts; A sewer network predominantly uses a combined collection system of sewer and storm water; Only two out of twelve existing drainage catchments have centralized wastewater treatment plants, treating less than 10% of the city's domestic wastewater or only 14% of the water supplied in HCMC; About 80% of households still rely on septic tanks, with many lacking proper septage management. HCMC's low-lying terrain adds technical complexities to the system adopting gravity flow for collection and transportation. Although key regulations have come into force clarifying ownership and responsibilities of wastewater and drainage assets, and promoting financial cost recovery, the weak financial basis of local governments and lack of institutional capacity to implement the regulation cause a spiral of technical, financial, and market failures in sector performance. Viet Nam's vulnerability to climate change further exacerbates the problem. HCMC is one of the 10 cities in the world likely to confront the early impacts of climate change. The projected sea-level rise of 33 centimeters (cm) by 2050 and 100 cm by 2100 is alarming for HCMC, where 40-45% of the central districts are within 100 cm above sea level. By 2050, twelve out of 14 wastewater-related facilities will be inundated in regular flood events. The city's wastewater and drainage system faces challenges of rising sea levels and enhanced storm surges to control floods and mitigate sewage backflow. Since 1998, $1.1 billion (in 2005 constant price) has been provided by the government of Belgium, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank to upgrade the wastewater and drainage system in HCMC. Their interventions have been individually effective but less coordinated. Many catchments are still left out from the support. The city's construction Master Plan does not recognize climate risk appropriately. A large financial gap must be filled by rationalized investment planning that effectively mobilizes public and private funds.Impact Livability and climate resilience in Ho Chi Minh City improved.Outcome Wastewater and drainage collection, treatment, and management capacities in key HCMC catchments improved.

Project DescriptionThe project is aligned with the following impact: Livability of Gia Nghia city in Dak Nong province enhanced. The project will have the following outcome: access to urban environmental infrastructure and services in Gia Nghia improved. The project is expected to benefit approximately 68,215 residents through an improved environment and the establishment of public green spaces around the lakes, and approximately 20,810 residents additionally through access to networked sewer services by 2028. Downstream populations will also benefit from lower pollution loads in water courses, lakes and reservoirs, lowering water treatment costs and improving ecosystem health.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyGia Nghia city (population 68,215) is located in the south of Dak Nong province on the Mo Nong plateau. Gia Nghia city, the provincial administrative capital of Dak Nong province established in 2005, is the youngest city in the country. The city is along National Highway (NH) 14 and is an important economic center of the central highland region. It is connected to Da Lat, a major tourist hub, through NH 28. The planned 128km Gia Nghia-Chon Thanh expressway linking the province to the Ho Chi Minh City region will reduce travel times and potentially strengthen socio-economic development in Gia Nghia.However, in the absence of urban service provision, the new proximity to the economic centers of the south may not translate to socio-economic growth and development in Gia Nghia City, preventing the city from assuming its role as a socioeconomic sub-regional hub. The project will benefit approximately 68,215 residents through an improved environment and the establishment of public green spaces around the lakes, and approximately 20,810 residents additionally through access to networked sewer services by 2028. Downstream populations will also benefit from lower pollution loads in water courses, lakes and reservoirs, lowering water treatment costs and improving ecosystem health.ImpactLivability of Gia Nghia city in Dak Nong province enhanced, aligned with the Revised Master Plan for Development of Viet Nam Urban System by 2025 with Vision to 2050.OutcomeAccess to urban environmental infrastructure and services in Gia Nghia improved.

Project DescriptionThe project aims to establish a high-quality, climate-resilient road network in northern Armenia, which will enhance trade and stimulate inclusive economic growth. By improving the resilience and transport connectivity, the project seeks to promote a more balanced development across the region. Additionally, it focuses on enabling the development of future roads that are sustainable, safe, inclusive, and support low-carbon mobility, ensuring long-term benefits for the environment and communities.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyArmenia, a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region, is bordered by Georgia and Azerbaijan to the north and east and by Iran, Azerbaijan's exclave Nakhchivan, and Turkiye to the south and west. The country heavily relies on road connections to Georgia for trade, making a resilient road network vital for its economic growth and stability. Armenia's road network handles 77% of freight traffic (by tonnage) and nearly all passenger transport.However, several challenges impact its resilience, and any disruption to critical routes significantly affects the economy. Moreover, climate change exacerbates these issues, leading to increasingly severe weather events. For instance, the May 2024 floods caused extensive damage to critical transport infrastructure, including the M6 and M4 roads and railway connections to the Bagratashen border crossing point, which handles 80% of the country's imports and exports. This event severely disrupted transport services across the road network, increasing total vehicle travel time by 7,200 hours (3%) and total vehicle-kilometers traveled by 276,200 kilometers (km) (2%).Additionally, around 52% of Armenia's roads are in poor or very poor condition, highlighting a pressing need for investment in rehabilitation and maintenance to ensure an efficient and robust road network with all-weather access, particularly for republican and local roads. Road safety is also a major concern, with the socio-economic costs of fatal and severe injuries estimated at 5% of the gross domestic product annually.Addressing these challenges requires strategic investments in critical transport infrastructure, a systematic and proactive approach to scaling up climate adaptation and infrastructure resilience measures, and implementation of effective road safety policies and actions.Asian Development Bank's InvolvementThe Asian Development Bank's (ADB) transport sector strategy for Armenia has centered on three key objectives: Enhancing connectivity along the North-South Road Corridor (NSRC) Improving links with Georgia Strengthening road subsector managementSince 2009, ADB has been supporting the construction of the NSRC through a Multi-Tranche Financing Facility (MFF). The three ADB-financed tranches are either completed or on schedule for completion in 2025. Leveraging the lessons from the MFF and the ongoing Armenia-Georgia border regional road improvement project, ADB's proposed support in the road transport aims to assist the government in enhancing road subsector management and enabling the transition to an inclusive, safe, and low-carbon transport system.The Government of Armenia has sought assistance from the ADB to rehabilitate and reconstruct the Pushkin and Dilijan tunnels. This project also includes the 'build back better' reconstruction of the M6 sections damaged by flooding. Improving these critical road infrastructures will improve the resilience of transport services and regional trade flows in Armenia and with trading partners. This is the second phase of the proposed Resilient and Inclusive Economic Corridor Improvement Project.ImpactNetwork resilience, road safety, and regional and international connectivity improved.OutcomeRoad transport climate and disaster resilience, efficiency, market access, and essential social services in Armenia improved and sustained.

Description The proposed GEO: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Delivery Program (RBL) will contribute to a portion of the Georgia Vision 2030 and Georgia: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Development Framework, 2021-2030 to support the government's goal of improving access to reliable, resilient, sustainable and inclusive access to safe water supply services in rural areas of Georgia, through the provision of infrastructure and institutional strengthening.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The government requested ADB to help the rural water supply service delivery through a results-based lending (RBL) program, a lending modality which would be used for the first time in Georgia and in the urban and water development sector. The proposed program will have two components: Water related infrastructure expansion/rehabilitation: Extend piped water supply networks. Repair or upgrade outdated water systems to ensure continuous and reliable supply of safe drinking water. Improve water quality and reduce service interruptions. Implement climate-resilient infrastructure improvements such as use of technology that can withstand disasters and changing climate conditions. Institutional strengthening: Enhancing the capacity of the executing agency (MRDI) and implementing agency (UWSCG) in planning sustainable investments and administering rural water supply projects. Ensuring technical training on smart water supply technologies, operation, and maintenance, particularly in rural areas. Establishing clear institutional responsibilities and improving transparency in resource allocation and project execution to increase the accountability of service providers. The program will promote gender equality to enhance social outcomes and sustainable development by enabling women's participation in decision-making, fostering a gender-sensitive work environment, and tracking gender impacts on time savings.Impact Universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water services in Georgia achieved by 2030.Outcome Improved access to reliable and sustainable water supply services in rural areas of Georgia.

Description1. Output 1: Quality of STEM education with support of technology improved. This output will support: Pilot testing of interdisciplinary STEM classes for grades 5-11; Strengthening curriculum of STEM subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, geography, informatics and mathematics) with EdTech; Upgrading e-platforms for providing pre- and in-service teacher training; Updating national assessment on STEM subjects aligned with the competency-based curriculum standards; Improving school-based assessment in STEM subjects; Designing and implementing a special arrangement of recruitment and placement of additional STEM teachers; Designing and mobilizing an incentive scheme for increased girls enrollment in STEM subjects; Strengthening e-learning and training platform such as Maktab.uz.2. Output 2: Learning environments improved. This output will support: Upgrading science laboratories and ICT facilities in 200 schools and pre- and in-service teacher training institutes; Rehabilitating selected schools with energy efficient, disaster resilient features, and with improved WASH facilities; Upgrading teaching and learning equipment; Strengthening internet connection in the schools.3. Output 3: Sector management strengthened with expanded partnership. This output will support: Establishing STEM center with private sector engagement, and developing operational mechanism with the private sector, the academe and civil society organizations in promoting STEM in secondary education; Developing the STEM network where the 200 specialized schools support disadvantaged schools in each district; Strengthening the Public Education Management Information System; Mainstreaming e-procurement and e-financial management.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyUzbekistan has achieved high school enrollment rates. The 2020 school gross enrollment reached 97% for secondary level with gender parity. Despite good enrollment, the overall learning achievement appears to be low, especially in the critical thinking and problem-solving domains. Learning outcome achievement in primary education is worrisome with more than a third of students scoring below minimum standard in reading, mathematics, and science. Furthermore, a significant gap in learning outcome exists between urban and rural schools, and within and among individual schools. Recent qualitative studies indicate similarly low achievement and school quality in the secondary level grades, particularly among science, mathematics, and informatics, especially in rural areas.ImpactHuman capital strengthened for increasing the level of country's competitiveness.OutcomeSecondary education students equipped with relevant skills that enable them to succeed in a technology driven, knowledge-based economy.

Proposta di SMEDP2 - Fase 2La proposta SMEDP2 - Fase 2 consisterà in un prestito concessionale di 100 milioni di dollari dalle risorse ordinarie del ADB e un'assistenza tecnica allegata di 950.000 dollari in totale da TASF-7 e dal Fondo Speciale per lo Sviluppo del Settore Finanziario. Finanziarà la continuazione e l'espansione delle attività finanziate nell'ambito del progetto SMEDP2 aumentando il numero e la dimensione delle imprese cottage, micro, piccole e medie commercialmente sostenibili (CMSME), oltre a supportare l'occupazione nel settore CMSME.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleBasato sull'implementazione di successo del progetto in corso e sulla rinnovata domanda di finanziamenti per le PMI a causa della pandemia di COVID-19, il governo ha richiesto 200 milioni di dollari per un finanziamento aggiuntivo per migliorare l'impatto del progetto. Le PMI svolgono ruoli importanti nella crescita economica e nella creazione di posti di lavoro in Bangladesh. Esse rappresentano il 99% di tutte le imprese, generano il 23% del prodotto interno lordo (PIL) e impiegano il 25% della forza lavoro, inclusi l'86% della forza lavoro non agricola.L'accesso al finanziamento è fondamentale per lo sviluppo del settore PMI in Bangladesh. Sono stati osservati miglioramenti grazie agli sforzi concertati del governo e della Bangladesh Bank, ma nel complesso, l'accesso finanziario rimane una grande sfida per le PMI. Il governo ha dato priorità allo sviluppo del settore PMI e ha fornito un supporto politico e finanziario costante. La politica PMI (2019) ha evidenziato l'importanza del settore PMI e ha fornito una tabella di marcia per il suo sviluppo. Lo sviluppo delle PMI è stato evidenziato nei Sesti, Settimi e Ottavi Piani Quinquenali.La Bangladesh Bank ha anche fissato un obiettivo annuale per aumentare il finanziamento alle PMI e ha istituito vari schemi di rifinanziamento per rendere disponibili fondi a basso costo alle PMI attraverso banche e istituzioni finanziarie non bancarie. Recentemente, sono stati introdotti nuovi meccanismi di mercato per supportare il finanziamento delle PMI, inclusi garanzie creditizie per i prestiti alle PMI e lo sviluppo di un mercato azionario focalizzato sulle PMI. Nel aprile 2019, le due borse valori del paese hanno istituito piattaforme dedicate alle PMI con requisiti di quotazione più semplici. Da allora, nove PMI sono state quotate, creando una fonte alternativa di finanziamento per le PMI.Statistiche sul Settore PMI I prestiti bancari alle PMI sono cresciuti in media del 12% all'anno dal 2014 al 2020 in Bangladesh, il più alto tra i paesi del Sud Asia. La quota dei prestiti bancari alle PMI sul totale dei prestiti bancari ha raggiunto il 20,2% in Bangladesh, anche questo il più alto tra i paesi del Sud Asia. Tuttavia, la quota dei prestiti alle PMI sul PIL rimane bassa all'8% (27 miliardi di dollari) nel 2020, dietro l'India che ha il 12%.La pandemia di COVID-19 ha avuto un impatto profondo sulle PMI. La crescita economica è rallentata al 3,5% nel 2020 rispetto all'8,2% nel FY2019. Due lockdown successivi (da marzo a maggio 2020 e da luglio ad agosto 2021), la disruption della catena di approvvigionamento e la domanda aggregata depressa hanno avuto un impatto profondo sulle PMI. Il governo ha fornito un aiuto tempestivo. Un programma di rifinanziamento di emergenza aiuta a supportare i requisiti di capitale circolante delle PMI. La Bangladesh Bank ha approvato uno schema di garanzia creditizia il 23 luglio 2020 per sostenere i prestiti alle PMI.In riconoscimento delle severe difficoltà di flusso di cassa a causa della pandemia, la facilità di moratoria sui prestiti della Bangladesh Bank consente ai mutuatari di pagare il 15% del pagamento dovuto nel 2021 senza essere classificati come inadempienti. Supportate dalle misure di stimolo del governo e adottando varie misure di adattamento e innovazioni, inclusi e-commerce e pagamenti digitali, le PMI in Bangladesh hanno dimostrato resilienza e hanno contribuito a una notevole crescita economica del 6,9% nel 2021. Tuttavia, rimangono rischi significativi con la catena di approvvigionamento in difficoltà e l'alta inflazione, e poiché la maggior parte delle PMI è emersa dalla pandemia più debole e finanziariamente vincolata, c'è una domanda accumulata di finanziamenti.Il programma SMEDP2 ha registrato un aumento della domanda nel 2021 e nel 2022, in linea con l'aumento della domanda di finanziamenti nel settore PMI complessivo. Nel 2021, SMEDP2 ha erogato 50 milioni di dollari alle PMI e nel 2022, i restanti 40 milioni sono stati erogati nella prima metà dell'anno. La domanda annuale è stata in linea con oltre 80 milioni di dollari nel 2022 e si prevede che cresca ulteriormente in futuro man mano che le imprese si riprenderanno completamente. Il finanziamento aggiuntivo proposto aiuterà a sostenere e ampliare il progetto attuale per supportare una ripresa economica ampia dalla pandemia. Il finanziamento aggiuntivo aiuterà anche l'ADB a rimanere coinvolto nel settore per affrontare nuove priorità di sviluppo come la crescita verde e la resilienza climatica, oltre a approfondire il supporto dell'ADB per l'equità di genere e l'inclusione sociale.

Project Description The project integrates crop diversification with the adoption of climate-smart irrigated agricultural practices that require modernization of irrigation systems and on-farm water management to improve irrigation efficiency and crop water productivity. It includes the following three outputs: Irrigation management services strengthened Modern irrigation and drainage infrastructure developed Efficient on-farm water management practices adopted Specifically, the project will modernize eight irrigation subprojects in four provinces experiencing dwindling water resources but high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change: Binh Phuoc, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai. The modernized systems under the subprojects will enhance provincial capacity to manage climate variability, improve water productivity of agriculture, and increase incomes by supporting farmers in growing high-value crops: perennial crops such as coffee, pepper, and fruit trees as well as high-value annuals such as vegetables.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy While Viet Nam ranks sixth worldwide for climate risk exposure in the global climate risk index, climate change poses as one of the biggest threats to future agriculture performance. The frequency and intensity of floods and droughts yearly increases. In 2017, economic loss caused by typhoons in the southcentral coastal region (SCR) in flatlands along the east sea and central highland region (CHR) reached $2.7 billion. The El Nido Southern Oscillation-induced drought in 2014-2016, which was the most severe in the last 90 years, severely affected the livelihood of more than two million people and damaged around 20,000 ha of crops in CHR and the southeast region. The irrigation and drainage system developed in CHR and SCR is largely for rice production and is not yet well suited to irrigate high-value crops due to insufficient drainage capacity and an insensitive water management system. This is a fundamental issue for farmers in CHR and SCR who are aiming to meet the growing demand for safe and quality food products such as coffee, vegetables, pepper, and cashew nuts in both domestic and international markets. Further constraints in irrigation are: Premature degradation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure because of inefficient operation and maintenance and asset management systems Poor water governance, largely because of weak enforcement of regulations on economic and workload burden among water users Unreliable water resources for irrigationImpact Sustainable agricultural and water productivity increased.Outcome Irrigated agriculture in selected provinces modernized and made climate change resilient.

Programma di Sviluppo del Settore Energetico SostenibileIl Programma di Sviluppo del Settore Energetico Sostenibile supporterà il Governo della Papua Nuova Guinea (PNG) nel migliorare l'adeguatezza e la sostenibilità finanziaria dell'approvvigionamento elettrico a basse emissioni di carbonio per il paese. Combina un approccio programmatico di prestiti basati su politiche con un componente di investimento progettuale sotto due subprogrammi, uno nel 2024 (100 milioni di dollari) e un altro nel 2026 (200 milioni di dollari). Il componente politico supporterà il governo della PNG nella creazione di un quadro normativo favorevole per ripristinare la sostenibilità del settore, migliorare le prestazioni dell'utility nazionale PNG Power Limited (PPL) e aumentare la partecipazione del settore privato per fornire energia pulita, accessibile e affidabile. Le riforme si concentreranno su: Transizione verso un approvvigionamento elettrico a basse emissioni di carbonio; Ripristino della sostenibilità finanziaria del settore; Rafforzamento delle capacità operative della PPL; Abilitazione di una partecipazione più efficiente del settore privato nel settore.Il componente progettuale si concentrerà su riparazioni urgenti della rete e misure per generare entrate.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleContesto NazionaleLa Banca Asiatica di Sviluppo (ADB) classifica la PNG come una situazione fragile e colpita da conflitti. Il settore primario domina la sua economia, con minerali ed energia che rappresentano la maggior parte dei guadagni da esportazione (88%) e una quota sostanziale del prodotto interno lordo (26%). L'economia più ampia si è ripresa dagli effetti della malattia da coronavirus (Covid-19) con una crescita del PIL stimata del 2% nel 2023, trainata dalla crescita nel settore delle risorse naturali. Il paese ha registrato un deficit fiscale del 5,4% e il debito pubblico è previsto aumentare al 52,2% del PIL nel 2023. Il governo affronta sfide nella gestione del debito pubblico, tra cui i debiti delle imprese statali (SOEs).La geografia difficile, insieme a infrastrutture deboli nei settori dei trasporti, dell'energia e delle telecomunicazioni, una diversità etnica estrema, disuguaglianza di genere, minacce alla sovranità nazionale e instabilità politica hanno ostacolato l'ampio utilizzo della ricchezza naturale del paese a beneficio della popolazione. Con alcuni dei più alti tassi di mortalità infantile e materna e violenza di genere nella regione, la disuguaglianza di genere è profonda e diffusa. La popolazione del paese è stimata in 11,8 milioni nel 2022, con l'85% che risiede in aree rurali, dove la stragrande maggioranza dipende dall'agricoltura di sussistenza per il proprio sostentamento.La PNG è uno dei paesi meno elettrificati al mondo, con un tasso di accesso all'elettricità inferiore al 20%. Sulle reti principali, l'approvvigionamento di servizi è scarso e i blackout sono frequenti, con una media di oltre 100 interruzioni e più di 25 ore al mese, a causa di una capacità di generazione inadeguata e reti obsolete.Affidamento al Diesel e Costi Elevati di GenerazioneLa capacità di generazione installata totale in PNG è di 900 megawatt (MW), con oltre il 40% della capacità fornita da generatori diesel e il 45% da impianti idroelettrici. La PNG Power Limited (PPL) è un SOE che gestisce generazione, trasmissione e distribuzione di oltre 400 MW, inclusi tre principali reti (Gazelle, Port Moresby e Ramu) che forniscono i principali centri urbani e 16 reti indipendenti di energia elettrica geograficamente isolate che servono i centri provinciali. La domanda complessiva di energia elettrica basata sulla rete in PNG è prevista aumentare significativamente a causa della crescita della popolazione e dell'attività economica. Le stime più conservative prevedono che la domanda di energia nelle tre principali reti della PNG crescerà di almeno il 50% entro il 2030.Mancanza di Pianificazione Settoriale NazionaleIn PNG, non esiste una pianificazione settoriale guidata dal governo per lo sviluppo del settore energetico e la PPL conduce la pianificazione interna della generazione e della rete, nonostante il settore abbia subito una liberalizzazione con la partecipazione del settore privato. Di conseguenza, al di fuori di questo piano, le decisioni di investimento dei produttori indipendenti di energia (IPP) vengono frequentemente prese in modo ad-hoc e non sono ben coordinate con lo sviluppo della rete. Sebbene il governo della PNG abbia fissato un obiettivo nel 2010 di raggiungere un tasso di elettrificazione del 70% entro il 2030, ci sono stati progressi molto limitati nell'aumento del tasso di elettrificazione nazionale.Obiettivi Climatici della PNGIl Contributo Nazionale Determinato (NDC) della PNG include l'obiettivo di raggiungere il 78% di capacità di energia rinnovabile nel settore energetico entro il 2030. Attualmente, circa il 50% della capacità di generazione di energia nelle principali reti della PPL è alimentata da energia rinnovabile. Sebbene la PNG possieda abbondanti risorse di energia rinnovabile in idroelettrico, solare, eolico, biomassa e geotermico, queste non sono state né completamente esplorate né utilizzate. Sebbene l'idroelettrico abbia costituito la spina dorsale dell'approvvigionamento energetico della PNG, il suo ruolo è diminuito nel corso degli anni.Sostenibilità Finanziaria Deteriorante del Settore Energetico della PNGIl settore energetico della PNG affronta grandi necessità di investimento nei prossimi decenni. Le necessità di investimento per raggiungere il 70% di elettrificazione sono stimate nell'ordine di 745 milioni di dollari. Un'altra importante necessità di investimento è la manutenzione delle infrastrutture obsolete in tutto il paese. Il settore è afflitto da elevati costi di generazione di energia, guidati da alti costi del carburante, elevate perdite tecniche e non tecniche e crescente dipendenza dai generatori diesel.Politica e Programma del GovernoPer affrontare le sfide duali dell'accesso all'energia e della crescita economica, il Governo della PNG ha emesso il Piano Strategico di Sviluppo della PNG, 2010-2030, articolando le priorità strategiche del governo per raggiungere un tasso di elettrificazione del 70% e la neutralità carbonica entro il 2030. Inoltre, il governo mira a fornire il 78% della generazione di energia da risorse rinnovabili entro il 2030.ImpattoAbilitare infrastrutture critiche e garantire la sicurezza energetica (Piano di Sviluppo a Medio Termine della Papua Nuova Guinea IV 2023-2027). Il governo della PNG ha avviato misure per migliorare le prestazioni commerciali e operative della PPL e creare un quadro normativo favorevole per ripristinare la sostenibilità finanziaria del settore e costruire capacità per garantire un approvvigionamento di energia pulita, accessibile e affidabile nelle reti esistenti e per espandere l'accesso all'elettricità.RisultatoAdeguatezza e sostenibilità finanziaria dell'approvvigionamento elettrico a basse emissioni di carbonio migliorate.

Project DescriptionThe proposed project aims to address the issue of low agricultural productivity, increase climate resilience, and reduce food insecurity. The project will also promote the establishment of rules and regulations to govern and promote the quality and standards of agricultural machinery. The project will support agricultural machinery service providers of all sizes by helping them acquire suitable machinery and imparting training to machine operators. Lastly, at the upstream level, the project will collaborate with the smallholders to enhance their awareness about the efficient use of the agricultural machinery.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyThe Government of Punjab has been making continuous efforts to prepare and implement various relevant policies, strategies, and action plans aimed at mechanizing the agricultural sector. This aims to reduce gender disparity and address challenges related to climate change and other ongoing issues. However, these efforts alone are insufficient, as there is a significant shortage of both financial and technical resources. Timely assistance to bridge the funding gap is crucial in modernizing the agriculture sector to boost agricultural productivity and reduce food and nutrition insecurity. The Government of Punjab has sought ADB's assistance to upgrade the current agricultural mechanization architecture and enhance its capacity to promote quality, inclusive, and climate-smart mechanization within the sector.ImpactTo be finalizedOutcomeTo be finalized

The proposed TA will enhance DMCs' cybersecurity resilience by promoting the incorporation of cybersecurity measures within ADB's lending operations.Outputs of the Technical Assistance (TA)The TA will deliver three outputs: Knowledge on the implementation of cybersecurity measures strengthened. Capacity of selected developing member countries (DMCs) in cybersecurity enhanced. Implementation of projects incorporating cybersecurity measures and partnership building supported.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyDMCs are eager to develop their digital economy, but this comes with associated risks. DMCs see great opportunities to leverage digital technologies to achieve faster economic growth, modernize public services, produce innovative products, create jobs, and in general lift their countries to a higher level of development.However, DMC's increasing reliance on digital technology has exacerbated cybersecurity risks and threats, especially for women, undermining the positive impact of new technologies in accelerating poverty reduction. For instance, the average cost for rectifying a ransomware attack—considering downtime, people time, device cost, network cost, lost opportunity, and ransom paid—was $1.85 million per incident in organizations surveyed in 30 countries in 2021.As cyberattacks increase in frequency, cybersecurity has become a regional priority: Cybercrimes rank as a top-five risk in East Asia and the Pacific, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report. The need to holistically support DMCs' cybersecurity capacity is urgent. ADB has provided limited and sporadic support for the cybersecurity agenda.The TA will have a multiangular approach, with activities ranging from creation and dissemination of knowledge products to capacity building and implementation support. The TA will go beyond the creation of knowledge and analytical products—it will offer comprehensive and practical guidance on project preparation and ground-level implementation.Anchored in the annual work plan of ADB's Climate Change and Sustainable Development Department, the TA is fully aligned with two of the seven operational priorities (OPs) of ADB's Strategy 2030. It is closely associated with: OP6 (strengthening governance and institutional capacity), as enhancing cybersecurity resilience can demonstrate how the greater use of information and communication technologies contributes to the quality and improvement of public service delivery. OP7 (fostering regional cooperation and integration) as it supports DMCs in Asia and the Pacific to collaboratively fight against cybersecurity threats.Moreover, the Strategy 2030 Digital Technology for Development Directional Guide highlighted the importance of the cybersecurity agenda to improve digital safeguards, which is one of the six guiding principles that will influence ADB's digital development actions.ImpactDeveloping member countries (DMCs) cybersecurity resilience enhanced.

DescrizioneADB, essendo un partner di sviluppo di lunga data della Repubblica del Kirghizistan, aiuta il governo a raggiungere una crescita inclusiva e una buona governance per ridurre la povertà. La corruzione è un'area considerata globalmente una causa di povertà e influisce anche sulla crescita dello sviluppo del settore privato. Promuovere la buona governance e le funzioni di responsabilità nel paese contribuirà al raggiungimento degli investimenti dell'ADB per rafforzare il settore privato per la crescita economica. Il governo sta richiedendo il supporto dell'ADB per l'implementazione della strategia anti-corruzione e, attraverso questo TA, l'ADB sarà in grado di rafforzare ulteriormente il proprio impegno con le istituzioni di responsabilità e altri partner di sviluppo che supportano il GOKR nella lotta contro la corruzione. Il TA è in linea con la priorità operativa 6 dell'ADB: rafforzare la governance e la capacità istituzionale.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleNel 2022, l'ADB ha effettuato una valutazione della governance (GA) per la Repubblica del Kirghizistan. Il team di valutazione ha esaminato le performance di diversi sistemi di gestione finanziaria pubblica (PFM) del paese, inclusi gli appalti, insieme agli sforzi complessivi anti-corruzione messi in atto dal governo. La performance della maggior parte dei sistemi PFM è stata considerata adeguata, sebbene siano state notate alcune debolezze relative agli appalti, agli investimenti pubblici, ecc.Uno dei problemi chiave evidenziati nella GA è stato l'Indice di Percezione della Corruzione 2021 di Transparency International (TI), che classifica la Repubblica del Kirghizistan al 144° posto su 180 paesi e territori valutati, significativamente inferiore rispetto al 2020, quando si trovava al 124° posto. Un altro problema importante sollevato nella GA è stata l'esclusione degli appalti effettuati dalle società per azioni e dalle imprese statali (SOEs) dalla nuova Legge sugli Appalti Pubblici (PPL). La GA suggerisce un'opportunità per sviluppare la capacità della Camera dei Conti della Repubblica del Kirghizistan (COA) per garantire che le attività di appalto relative alle SOEs siano sottoposte a revisione da parte della COA, poiché tali audit aiuteranno a combattere la corruzione nel paese.ImpattoIl TA è allineato con il seguente impatto: Rafforzare il controllo della corruzione attraverso misure anti-corruzione efficaci.

Description The technical assistance (TA) will prepare sovereign-financed energy projects and programs of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the Philippines, conduct due diligence for proposed loans, and help enhance project and program management capacities of the executing and implementing agencies. It will help implement key priorities of ADB's country partnership strategy for the Philippines, 2024-2029, and help build up the energy sector pipeline to achieve ADB's climate finance target of $100 billion by 2030. The TA will support ADB's Strategy 2030 operational priority 3 on tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability. The TA was discussed during the 2024 country programming mission.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The TA aims to help promote the energy transition in the Philippines by facilitating the preparation of ADB-financed projects and programs to remove energy sector value chain bottlenecks and help implement the PEP 2023-2050. The TA is aligned with the following impact: share of renewable energy in the generation mix increased to 35% by 2030 and 50% by 2040 as outlined in the PEP 2023-2050. The outcome will be priority energy projects and programs committed by ADB. Stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and affected persons and communities will be involved in delivering and disseminating outputs.Outputs Output 1: Geothermal Resource De-risking Facility prepared. Geothermal energy is not only a nonvariable renewable resource but also a major indigenous energy source in the Philippines, accounting for 23% of total renewable energy power generation. Despite the Philippines' geothermal capacity, the third largest in the world, greenfield geothermal development has been stranded since the energy sector privatization in 2001 due to high investment risk in geothermal resource exploration and lack of public sector support. As of 2023, private geothermal developers are conducting surface surveys in 29 locations, but no service contract holder has completed exploration drilling. The government is working on improving guidelines for geothermal service contracts and launching GEAP round 3 for nonvariable renewables. Output 1 aims to establish the Geothermal Resource De-risking Facility to stimulate the second wave of geothermal investment in the Philippines. Output 2: Offshore Wind Port Development Project prepared. Offshore wind is a potent renewable energy technology option that can substantially help the Philippines achieve the PEP 2023-2050 renewable energy target. The World Bank assessed that the Philippines has 178 GW of offshore wind potential. An offshore wind port is essential for the entire offshore wind development value chain. An ongoing ADB TA is supporting the DOE, the Department of Transportation, and the Philippines Port Authority to prepare pre-feasibility study reports for 10 ports to be repurposed as offshore wind ports. Output 2 aims to carry out due diligence for the proposed loan to develop priority offshore wind ports. Output 3: National Total Electrification Support Program prepared. The archipelagic nature of the Philippines poses a significant challenge to supplying affordable electricity. In 2023, 2.45 million rural households remained without access to electricity. The National Total Electrification Support Program will support electrification investments in the missionary area under the National Power Corporation (NPC) to help achieve universal electricity access by 2028. The program will include distribution network expansion, transmission grid upgrading, solar photovoltaic home system rollout, and more. Output 4: Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings Program prepared. Demand-side energy management is critical to reduce energy intensity and dependence on fossil fuel imports. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act aims to implement mandatory energy efficiency measures. The Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings Program will help accelerate the Government Energy Management Program (GEMP) implementation by rolling out energy-efficient systems in public buildings. Output 5: Energy transition policies, clean energy investment, and planning and management capacity enhanced. This output aims to strengthen energy policy actions, develop clean energy investment pipelines, and enhance the energy planning and investment management capacity of DOE. It will also facilitate training and knowledge sharing of energy transition good practices and lessons. TA Financing The TA financing amount is $2,850,000, of which $1,850,000 will be financed on a grant basis by ADB's Technical Assistance Special Fund (TASF-other sources) and $1,000,000 will be financed on a grant basis by the Clean Energy Fund under the Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility. The Clean Energy Fund will exclusively support output 3.

DescriptionA series of exogenous shocks severely affected public finance, poverty, and macroeconomy. Public expenditure increased drastically to support social protection schemes, but revenue mobilization decreased in line with the decline in tourist arrivals and a general economic downturn, leading to deterioration of fiscal and debt situation.The proposed program supports the government's structural reforms to strengthen fiscal consolidation focusing on domestic resource mobilization, and expenditure and debt management. It is aligned to the government's medium-term fiscal and debt management strategies, and the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) country partnership strategy for Maldives 2020-2024.It will contribute to the following operational priorities of Strategy 2030: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequality; Gender equality and women's empowerment; Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability; Strengthening governance and institutional capacity.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional StrategyThe program adopts a programmatic approach to sequence reforms considering the time and flexibility needed to implement meaningful multi-year, multi-component reform measures amidst heightened uncertainties due to elevated energy and food prices, proactive monetary policy adjustment, prospective global economic slowdown and the government's absorptive capacity.Subprogram 1 prioritizes legal and regulatory changes as well as institutional frameworks to set the stage for meaningful fiscal consolidation. Subprogram 2 priorities follow-on reforms to not only implement the initiatives undertaken in subprogram 1, but also deeper legal, regulatory, policy and institutional reforms to put the economy on a pathway to fiscal sustainability over the medium term.

DescrizioneIl TA contribuirà alla preparazione di progetti di mitigazione e adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici, che saranno allineati con l'Accordo di Parigi e rispondenti alle priorità di cambiamento climatico dei paesi selezionati. Sarà fornita capacità di costruzione ai progetti in corso selezionati per garantire la sostenibilità del progetto e migliorare la resilienza climatica. Il TA supporterà anche il lavoro di conoscenza a monte per identificare potenziali aree di riforme politiche e istituzionali, e identificare e incubare nuovi progetti ANRRD innovativi e trasformazionali.L'approccio espanso della struttura TA per le transazioni è adatto in quanto migliorerà l'efficienza nella preparazione dei progetti e si concentrerà precocemente sul cambiamento climatico. Complessivamente, questo TA ridurrà i costi di transazione minimizzando la necessità di TA autonomi e raccoglierà benefici utilizzando gli stessi team di consulenti tra i progetti.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleIl TA mira anche a rafforzare il portafoglio ANRRD dell'Asia meridionale affrontando le raccomandazioni evidenziate nella valutazione settoriale della ADB: Fornire diagnosi settoriali più robuste per rafforzare i pipeline dei progetti a supporto della Strategia 2030; Assicurare che i progetti riflettano la limitata capacità istituzionale del settore, il contesto difficile e la complessità attraverso il supporto mirato dei consulenti nella preparazione dei progetti; Rafforzare il ciclo di progetto migliorando la prontezza del progetto e i processi di qualità all'ingresso; Migliorare le performance degli investimenti nelle infrastrutture idriche fornendo supporto all'implementazione; Espandere il focus sulla gestione delle risorse idriche più ampia e sull'azione climatica fornendo lavoro di conoscenza a monte.

DescrizioneIl supporto tecnico e assistenza alla conoscenza regionale (KSTA) mira a valutare e migliorare i sistemi di gestione fiscale e finanziaria pubblica (PFM) dei Paesi Membri in via di Sviluppo (DMC) nella regione CWRD, per allinearsi con i loro obiettivi climatici e gli impegni dell'Accordo di Parigi. Il KSTA fornirà assistenza tecnica per: aggiornare i quadri giuridici relativi al PFM, preparare bilanci focalizzati sul clima, monitorare le spese per l'adattamento e la mitigazione, supervisionare gli investimenti pubblici verdi, migliorare le funzioni di contabilità fiscale, reporting e auditing.Queste riforme consentiranno ai DMC di generare risorse fiscali aggiuntive, gestire efficacemente i rischi fiscali legati al clima e migliorare la governance fiscale.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleLa regione dell'Asia e del Pacifico, con la maggior parte della popolazione mondiale e della crescita economica, è sproporzionatamente colpita da disastri indotti dal clima, con una perdita annuale di 675 miliardi di dollari e una media di 43.000 vite perse a causa di tempeste, inondazioni e frane. Disastri recenti, come le inondazioni in Pakistan, i tifoni nelle Filippine e le ondate di calore in India, hanno aggravato la situazione. Poiché la regione è responsabile della metà delle emissioni mondiali di anidride carbonica, è altamente vulnerabile agli effetti avversi del cambiamento climatico. Le temperature dell'aria stanno aumentando a un ritmo più veloce in questa regione, minacciando la produttività agricola, e l'innalzamento del livello del mare mette a rischio 2,4 miliardi di persone che vivono in aree basse entro la metà del secolo. Anche un lieve aumento della temperatura globale tra 1,5°C e 2,0°C può avere conseguenze gravi per la regione dell'Asia e del Pacifico. È quindi fondamentale intraprendere azioni immediate e concertate per mitigare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico in questa regione e oltre.Le evidenze che tali disastri aumenteranno in frequenza, intensità e gravità stanno crescendo. Accelerare gli sforzi per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra e intensificare le misure di adattamento e mitigazione per affrontare gli impatti del cambiamento climatico è cruciale per la comunità internazionale. Il rapporto del Gruppo intergovernativo di esperti sul cambiamento climatico (IPCC) avverte che anche in scenari di basse emissioni, il mondo affronterà gravi rischi climatici prima della fine del secolo. Pertanto, è imperativo sviluppare piani ambiziosi di mitigazione e adattamento per gestire efficacemente i rischi associati al cambiamento climatico.ImpattoLe contribuzioni determinate a livello nazionale dei paesi e le Priorità Operative della Strategia 2030 dell'ADB.

Description The technical assistance (TA) will support the Kingdom of Cambodia in building resilience within, and improving the competitiveness of the country's private sector by enhancing the capacity of state institutions to support adoption of digital technologies and to foster innovation and diversification in micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), where women entrepreneurs and workers are traditionally prevalent.Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy The TA will support the Government of Cambodia's Techo Startup Center (TSC) to develop the necessary skills and institutional capacity to formulate and implement initiatives to support the digitalization of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in priority sectors - tourism and food processing - and in growth poles in key provinces.Impact The enabling environment for MSMEs in Cambodia is improved, contributing to economic growth and higher-quality job creation (Pentagonal Strategy Phase 1, 2024-2028) (OP1.2.1).

Description This stand-alone loan, formerly Highlands Region Road Improvement Program (HRRIIP) 2, is one of the three ensuing projects of Loan No. 6032-PNG: Transport Sector Preparatory Project (Project Readiness Financing [PRF]). The proposed project builds on the first HRRIIP, which was completed in 2020 and improved 347 km of the Highlands core road network (HCRN). The proposed project will improve the top priority roads with high design readiness. The larger project covering tentatively 12 remaining roads totaling 407 km is being prepared through the ongoing PRF loan in parallel. As Phase 1, this project will finance the improvement of five roads of the HCRN totaling 116 km to all-weather roads with gender-responsive and social-inclusive design features (output 1). The project will also enhance the socioeconomic and poverty benefits of improved transportation through physical and nonphysical interventions that support climate-resilient livelihood and income diversification, build capacity to address key social issues and improve community-based infrastructure relevant to the communities along the project roads (output 2). The project will improve road safety and women's use and access to road infrastructure through gender-sensitive designs (output 3).Project Rationale and Linkage to Country/Regional Strategy Providing safe and efficient transport is a top government priority under PNG's Development Strategic Plan, 2010-2030, National Transport Strategy, and Medium-Term Development Plan III. In the road transport sector, government's strategic priorities are defined in the Connect PNG initiative focusing on developing a key economic lifeline road network to improve connectivity and addressing the chronic maintenance negligence. To reduce the cost and time of moving people and goods reliably between communities and key economic centers, the government has requested ADB's assistance to continue the rehabilitation of the HCRN. The project is aligned with ADB Strategy 2030 by improving market connectivity, thus promoting rural development and food security. The project will: Address remaining poverty and reduce inequalities in the Highlands region. Accelerate progress in gender equality and tackle climate change with the proposed solutions. The project is also aligned with all three strategic pathways of ADB's country partnership strategy for PNG by: Improving land connectivity. Enhancing capacity building. Building disaster and climate resilience with crosscutting aspects of: Gender mainstreaming. Addressing climate change. The project is expected to be aligned with the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement Alignment assessment is being prepared.Impact Inter- and intra-regional connectivity improved. Strong economic growth and social development sustained. Road safety along the national road network improved.

Descrizione del ProgettoIl progetto migliorerà la connettività del trasporto domestico nelle Fiji sostituendo quattro ponti critici sull'isola principale del paese con nuovi ponti costruiti per essere resilienti ai cambiamenti climatici e ai disastri. Il progetto aumenterà la capacità della FRA nella gestione degli asset e nella preparazione di politiche e investimenti sensibili al genere. Inoltre, il progetto preparerà una valutazione multi-rischio e di vulnerabilità di genere a livello settoriale per il trasporto e una mappa degli investimenti, inclusa la preparazione di almeno un investimento legato al trasporto con soluzioni innovative per costruire resilienza tra i segmenti più poveri e vulnerabili della popolazione.Ragioni del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleLe Fiji sono una nazione arcipelago del Pacifico meridionale composta da oltre 330 isole, con un'area terrestre di 18.300 chilometri quadrati e una popolazione di 936.375 (2023). Si trovano a 2.000-3.000 chilometri dai principali mercati metropolitani, dove i costi di fornitura dei servizi sono elevati a causa della popolazione dispersa. Circa il 90% della popolazione vive su tre isole principali: Viti Levu, dove si trova la capitale Suva, Vanua Levu e Taveuni. Le località del progetto saranno nelle isole di Vanua Levu e Taveuni.Lo sviluppo economico continuo delle Fiji ha portato a un aumento del traffico di trasporto, ma la qualità delle infrastrutture continua a rimanere significativamente indietro. Lo stato precario delle infrastrutture delle Fiji è attribuito a fattori storici, tra cui: Investimenti infrastrutturali insufficienti Piani infrastrutturali inadeguati o incompleti Accesso limitato a competenze internazionali Sostenibilità ridotta a causa della mancanza di risorse per l'operazione e la manutenzioneUn'infrastruttura non ottimale porta a costi economici più elevati, il che, a sua volta, mina il potenziale commerciale e le opportunità economiche. Alcuni impatti sui sistemi di trasporto includono interruzioni del traffico a causa di allagamenti, un aumento dei requisiti di manutenzione a causa di frane più frequenti e l'inondazione delle strutture dei ponti.La rete stradale delle Fiji è caratterizzata da strade principali spine o circonferenziali e strade di alimentazione con poche alternative. È soggetta a interruzioni causate da forti piogge e allagamenti, spesso aggravati da cicloni tropicali. L'aumento significativo del traffico di camion pesanti sulla rete stradale delle Fiji ha portato a un deterioramento accelerato della sua autostrada invecchiata, risultando nell'imposizione di restrizioni di carico su alcuni ponti. Queste restrizioni hanno causato perdite sostanziali in termini di tempo e opportunità per le imprese. La capacità di carico inadeguata dei ponti esistenti è uno dei fattori che contribuiscono all'inefficienza della rete stradale.L'infrastruttura di trasporto, in particolare strade e ponti, subisce gli impatti maggiori dai disastri e dai cambiamenti climatici. La maggior parte delle aree in cui si trovano questi ponti è ad alto rischio di disastri e cambiamenti climatici, come allagamenti, frane, innalzamento del livello del mare, mareggiate, venti dannosi, ecc. Questi rischi sono destinati ad aumentare con i cambiamenti nei modelli di pericolo naturale a causa dei cambiamenti climatici e l'aumento dell'esposizione di persone e beni a causa dell'insediamento pubblico in aree fluviali e a bassa quota soggette a inondazioni. È necessario costruire nuove infrastrutture in grado di resistere agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici e dei disastri.ImpattoTrasporto sicuro ed efficiente che contribuisce ad aumentare la resilienza ai cambiamenti climatici e ai disastri fornito.

DescrizioneIl TA aiuterà l'ADB a supportare lo sviluppo inclusivo e sostenibile del Nepal con soluzioni conoscitive e sviluppo della capacità istituzionale. Il TA si concentrerà su soluzioni conoscitive come studi analitici e diagnostici per informare strategie, piani e politiche; rafforzamento istituzionale; e sviluppo della capacità delle agenzie esecutive e attuative, specialmente a livello subnazionale. Il TA è stato incluso nel Piano Operativo del Paese del Nepal (2020 - 202) come TA: Implementazione del Piano di Conoscenza del Nepal e successivamente fuso con Riforme Istituzionali per la Mitigazione dei Rischi di Governance e Politica Economica e Pianificazione per la Mitigazione dei Rischi Subnazionali, rinominato come Soluzioni Conoscitive e Riforme Istituzionali per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile.Ragione del Progetto e Collegamento alla Strategia Nazionale/RegionaleIl TA è proposto per implementare il Piano di Conoscenza del Paese incluso nella Strategia di Partenariato del Nepal (2020 - 2024), che si concentra su: Servizi di consulenza politica con studi diagnostici e valutazioni di modelli di buone pratiche, inclusa la fattibilità di nuove tecnologie, appropriate per il Nepal; Meccanismi di pianificazione e attuazione per la fornitura inclusiva e sostenibile di infrastrutture di qualità e servizi sociali, specialmente a livello subnazionale; Sviluppo della capacità degli stakeholder rilevanti.ImpattoConoscenze, competenze, tecnologia e capitale umano e fisico potenziati (Piano Quindicesimo del Nepal).